The Climatic, Biological, and Strategic Effects of Nuclear War: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Natural Resources, Agriculture Research, and Environment of the Committee on Science and Technology, House of Representatives, Ninety-eighth Congress, Second Session, September 12, 1984U.S. Government Printing Office, 1985 - 237 pagini |
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Academy of Sciences airbursts altitudes areas arsenals atmosphere attack average baseline biological burning calculations Carl Sagan changes cities climatic catastrophe climatic effects consequences of nuclear cooling countervalue Crutzen deterrence detonation dose dust and smoke Earth ecosystems Edward Teller effects of nuclear extinction factor fallout fireball flux force forest global heat HECHT human ignited impact injected issue kiloton land large number latitudes long-term major megatons military missile months National Northern Hemisphere nuclear exchange nuclear explosions nuclear war Nuclear Warfare nuclear weapons nuclear winter effect O. B. Toon ocean optical depth ozone layer percent photosynthesis planning plants possible Postol predicted question R. P. Turco radiation radioactive rainout reduced Sagan scenarios SCHEUER SCHNEIDER scientific scientists smoke and dust smoke emission smoke particles solar soot Soviet Union species strategic stratosphere sunlight surface targets Teller temperature threshold tion tropical troposphere TTAPS uncertainties UV-B volcanic warheads yield
Pasaje populare
Pagina 149 - Treaty undertakes to pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date and to nuclear disarmament, and on a treaty on general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control.
Pagina 122 - The fact that no limits exist to the destructiveness of this weapon makes its very existence and the knowledge of its construction a danger to humanity as a whole. It is necessarily an evil thing considered in any light.
Pagina 149 - Each State Party to this Convention undertakes not to transfer to any recipient whatsoever, directly or indirectly, and not in any way to assist, encourage, or induce any State, group of States or international organizations to manufacture or otherwise acquire any of the agents, toxins, weapons, equipment or means of delivery specified in article I of the Convention.
Pagina 185 - Species extinction could be expected for most tropical plants and animals, and for most terrestrial vertebrates of north temperate regions, a large number of plants, and numerous freshwater and some marine organisms. . . . Whether any people would be able to persist for long in the face of highly modified biological communities; novel climates; high levels of radiation; shattered agricultural, social, and economic systems; extraordinary psychological stresses; and a host of other difficulties is...
Pagina 149 - Convention undertakes not to engage in military or any other hostile use of environmental modification techniques having widespread, long-lasting or severe effects as the means of destruction, damage or injury to any other State Party.
Pagina 122 - SAGAN is the David Duncan Professor of Astronomy and Space Sciences and Director of the Laboratory for Planetary Studies at Cornell University. He...
Pagina 132 - Figure 1; here, the centers of 100 major NATO and Warsaw Pact cities are burning). There is an indication of a very rough threshold at which severe climatic consequences are triggered — around a few hundred nuclear explosions over cities, for smoke generation, or around 2,000 to 3,000 high-yield surface bursts at, eg, missile silos, for dust generation and ancillary fires. Fine particles can be injected into the atmosphere at increasing rates with only minor effects until these thresholds are crossed....
Pagina 11 - Coupled with the direct casualties of perhaps two billion people, the combined intermediate and longterm effects of nuclear war suggest that eventually there might be no human survivors in the Northern Hemisphere. Furthermore, the scenario described here is by no means the most severe that could be imagined with present world nuclear arsenals and those contemplated for the near future. In almost any realistic case involving nuclear...
Pagina 124 - ... global nuclear arsenals below levels that could conceivably cause the kind of climatic catastrophe and cascading biological devastation predicted by the new studies. Such a reduction would have to be to a small percentage of the present global strategic arsenals.
Pagina 158 - the potential global atmospheric and climatic consequences of nuclear war . . . are serious. Significant hemispherical attenuation of the solar radiation flux and subfreezing land temperatures may be caused by fine dust raised in high-yield nuclear surface bursts and by smoke from city and forest fires ignited by airbursts of all yields.