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2 Trial of George Hunt, at Vancouver, B.C., (reported April 27, 1900) for taking part in an Indian potlatch, and assisting other Hamatas to carve and eat a human body:-"Vancouver, April 27.-George Hunt was tried before Justice McColl and Judge Bole, charged with taking part in an Indian celebration or potlatch, and mutilating and eating parts of a dead body. These celebrations are contrary to Section 114 of the Criminal Code. To Cop, an Indian of the To-Nak-Lak tribe, said he was at a Hamata dance, at Alert Bay, on February the 17th, and saw Hunt there. He Isaid that a Hamata was one who dances and eats a human body. At Alert Bay, a Hamata bit a boy and two men. He cut strips of flesh

appear. Tens of thousands of red men who have given up paganism for civilization, are raising cattle and grain, from a living boy's arm with a razor, and then went out and came back with a human body. Hunt, who had been there all day, got a red cedar turban like the rest of the Hamatas wore, and danced round and round the house, singing in Indian, and then carved the body up and gave it to the dancers. They ate up all the flesh, and the bones were wrapped in a blanket and taken away. When the eating was finished, prisoner stood up and advised the people to say nothing about it, as it was a serious affair."

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AFTER ANNUITY PAYMENTS, TRADER'S TENT, LAKE MANITOBA RESERVE.

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gate a fraction under thirty per cent. of the entire Indian population of Canada, some thirty pagans out of every hundred Indians. Thirty pagans, against seventy souls professing some sort of religious belief may seem a large proportion, but the tide is turning, and the missionaries, the Mounted Police, aud the advancing waves of

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3 Department of Indian Affairs, Annual Report for 1899, page 499. See Pagans," and "Unknown."

the extent witnessed to-day, the worship of the Lord of heaven and earth, and the belief in Jesus Christ, the Saviour of mankind.

On the third day of October, 1535, Jacques Cartier, with some Indians who had brought him up from Tadousac, on the Lower St. Lawrence, to the Indian settlement of Hochelaga, made the ascension of the mountain that rises north of the present city of Montreal, to survey the surrounding

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FINISH OF BOAT SAILING RACES, PENELAKUT, KUPER ISLAND, B.C.

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INDIAN PLACER MINERS ON THEIR WAY TO THE MINES NEAR GLADWIN, B.C.

country. As far as his eye reached, east, west, north and south, stretched the forest primeval, with a dancing, endless expanse of foliage in all the glory of its autumnal splendour,-bounded on the far north by the Laurentides, on the west by the setting sun; to the south and east by the broad, sparkling St. Lawrence, at the foot of the mountain, with another great river, the Outouais (now the Ottawa) coming down into it from the northwest. Except for the blue smoke of the fires of a Huron-Iroquois settlement, there was not a sign of human life to be seen in all that vast region. Quarter of a century before, the fierce Algonkins, holding the country north of the Outouais, had scalped and tomahawked, and with flames and horrors of savage warfare, driven the Iroquois before them out of all that country, and on the south shore of the St. Lawrence the war-whoop of the Iroquois brave has never since been heard. The Algonkins went back in triumph to their wigwams with the scalps of their foes at their belts.

Cartier was there, not to save souls, but to find the high road to China and Japan, not to Christianize pagans, but to discover the fabulous kingdom of the Saguenay, with its imagined gold and silver and precious stones. He had not penetrated the wilderness to hew a road for missionaries. That was to come later, when in 1603, Champlain with his Indians from the Lower St. Lawrence, pioneered the path that the servants of the Most High might follow. In 1615, Champlain painfully forced his way through forests and rapids, and around cascades, foot by foot, up the St. Lawrence and the Ottawa, by Mattawin and Lake Nipissing, to the west, till he found the Huron nation. Then he rested. With him were twelve Frenchmen, ten Indians, and the Recollet Father Joseph Le Caron.

Red with the blood of savage and pale-face were the years that followed. Champlain's Indian alliances

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Sulte's "Valley of the Grand River," Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, 1898, section ii, page 108.

forced him to fight with the Hurons in their invasion of the Iroquois country, (1615) the Mohawk branch of the Iroquois having previously ravaged the region of the Algonkins between Quebec and Montreal on the banks of the St. Lawrence. The Iroquois league at that time included the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onandagas, Cayugas, Senecas and Delawares. Afterwards the Tuscaroras joined the league, and the fivenations confederation became the sixnations league. The confederacy, thus strengthened, formed plans to attack and subjugate all lesser tribes and force the captives to go with them on the war-path, to finally establish the supremacy of the red men over the pale-faces. The Dutch and English colonies were firmly established to the south-east of them, and the French to the north. he league occupied the vast forest areas between Vaudreuil and Kingston on the south side of the St. Lawrence. Whilst the Iroquois defeated some of the nearest tribes, other red-skin bands were fiercely exterminating each other. The bloodshed continued until 1644, when the French with their allies entered into a treaty of peace with the Iroquois ; but in 1646 the Iroquois again sounded the war cry, raised the hatchet, and attacked the French settlements and the Hurons, pillaging, killing and burning, until in 1650 all Upper Canada was practically the hunting ground of the confederacy. Thenceforth, until the victory of Wolfe at Quebec in 1759, the Iroquois proved a veritable thorn in the side to the French. After the final occupation of Canada by the British, the Indians were gradually settled in military reservations, and the savage wars of the red men ceased, it is to be hoped, forever.

From the arrival of the first French missionary, in 1615, to the acquisition of Canada by Great Britain in 1763, the Roman Catholic fathers had the field among the friendly savages to themselves. The British took hold of the government of the country, and Protestant missionaries began to appear. Results are shown, in the

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