Ascending currents, action of, in producing rain, 138, 288 Ascension, diurnal range of tem- perature at, 216; annual range at, 218; rainfall at, 321 Ashes from volcanoes borne by up- per currents, 243
Asia, Central, annual range of pres- sure in, 93, 259 Astronomy, contrasted with meteo- rology, 1
Atlantic Ocean, motion of air over the, 352; limits of trade winds in, 246; currents of the, 299; rainfall of the, 327; the central, annual range of pressure over, 93 Atmometer, v. Lamont's, 100 Atmometry, Schmid on, 101 Atmosphere, height of, 12; constitu-
tion of, 13; variations in con- stitution, 15; circulation of, ex- plained, 240; overflow of, near equator, 242. See Air. Attached thermometer in barome- ters, 70
August, on hygrometry, 108 Aurora, description of, 191; noise
of, 192; the 'corona,' 192; the dark segment, 192; colour of, 192, 193; at low levels, 193; height of, 193; geographical dis- tribution of, 194; in southern hemisphere, 195; relation of, to weather, 195; relation of, to magnetism, 196
Autumn rains, regions of the, 332
Barograph, Brooke's, 77; Ronald's, 77; Redier's, 77; King's, 78 Barometer, invention of the, 63; Torricelli, 63; Pascal, 65; best material for scale, 66; graduation of the, 67; vernier, 67; mode of setting, 68; attached thermome- ter, 70; management of, 71 verification of, 74; defects of, 82; air in tube of, 82; boiling of, 82; pipette, 83; reasons for its rise or fall, 248
- corrections; capacity, 73, 84; capillarity, 84; index error, 84; temperature (reduction to 32°), 85, 391; altitude (reduction to sea level), 85, 391; diurnal range of, 88; Buchan on, 91; Eaton on, 90; annual range of, 93 Barometers, standard, 72; Fortin's, 72; Kew pattern, 73; marine, 74; siphon, 75; wheel, 76; aneroid, 79; metallic, 80 Barometrical pressure, on causes which produce changes in, 248; regions of reduced, 250; relation of, to wind, 253, 353; relation of to isabnormals of temperature, 257 Batavia, rainfall of, 323
Bearings of wind, true and com-
Beaufort's wind scale, 158; veloci- ties corresponding to, 159 Beckley, automatic rain gauge, 132 Behring's Strait, checks course of currents, 298, 318
Bidston Observatory, exceptional pressure of wind at, 156 Binnie, on evaporation at Nagpoor, 99
Black bulb thermometer in vacuo, 53; its use, 55
Blanford, on monsoons, 264; on the soft place in the monsoon, 268; on land and sea breezes, 286 Boiling of barometers, 82 Boiling point of water, 21; its use in hypsometry, 21
Boothia Felix, diurnal range of pressure in, 89; of temperature,
Bora, the, 292, 383
Bossekop, aurora at, 192 Bourdon's metallic barometer, 80 Bourke, Commander E. G., on cold
currents of Atlantic, 303 Brazil, daily thunderstorms in, (Caldcleugh), 130, 147, 191; cur- rent, the, 305
Breezes, land and sea, 285; Blan- ford on, 286
Brewster, Sir D., on poles of cold, 234
British Isles, the, annual variation
of wind velocity in, 164; distri- bution of winds in, 276; sea tem- perature on the coasts of, 319; weather telegraphy in, 362 Brooke's barograph, 77 Brussels, laws of atmospheric elec- tricity at, 171
Buchan, A., on diurnal range of barometer, 91; on predicting hoar frost, 117; isothermal charts, 222; isobaric charts, 238 Buitenzorg, rainfall of, 323 Buran, the, 293
Buys Ballot's law, 255, 353
CALCUTTA, diurnal range of
pressure at, 89; annual range of temperature at, 218 Caldcleugh, thunderstorms in Brazil, 130, 147, 191
Calm centre in cyclones, 373 Campbell's sunshine recorder, 58 Capacity correction of barometers, 73, 84
Cape of Good Hope, observed tem- perature of soil at, 47; winds near the, 284
Capillarity correction of barometers, 84
Carbonic acid, amount of, in atmo- sphere, 15
Cator's anemometer, 151 Celsius (Centigrade) thermometer scale, 19
'Challenger,' H.M.S., cruise of the, 313
Cherraponjee rain of, 325
Cirrus cloud, 124; its motion, Ley, 125; Hildebrandsson, 125 Cistern of barometer, 72 Clavering, on St. Elmo's fire, 178 Climate, on change of, with height above sea, 338, 345, 346; insular and continental, 344; chief con- ditions which affect, 344, 346 Cloud, composition of, 123; levels at which they float, 123; classi- fication of, 124; motion of, 129; amount of, 129; annual and diurnal period of, 129; colours of, 205
Clouston, Dr., on distribution of winds in the Orkneys, 277 Coffin, winds of globe, 163; on re- lation of wind to pressure, 255 Cold, greatest obtained, 235; com- pared with heat, 235
Cold currents under warm water,
303; on west coast of Africa, 304 Cold wall of Gulf stream, the, 300 Coldest period of the day, 47; of the year, 48
Colding, on course of Gulf stream,
Corona of the aurora explained, 192 Coronæ explained, 202 Corposants, 178
Corrections for deducing mean tem- perature from various observa- tions, 38
- of barometers, for capacity, 73, 84; for capillarity, 84; for index error, 84; for temperature, 85, 391; for altitude, 85, 391; for gravity, 392
- of wind obs. from ships' logs, 284 Coxwell and Glaisher, balloon ascent, 12, 66
Croll on ocean currents, 221; on the Gulf stream, 301 Cumberland Lakes, rainfall of the, 330
Cumulostratus cloud, 127 Cumulus cloud, 127
Currents, atmospheric, ascending and descending, their action on precipitation, 138; upper, their existence proved, 243; equatorial and polar, 276
ocean, Rennell on, 295; drift, 295; stream, 295; their influence on sea temperature, 318 Current, the equatorial, 296, 298, 305, 307; the American arctic, 298; the Gulf stream, 221, 297, 299, 301, 302; the Kuro Siwo, 221, 296, 306; Humboldt's, 299, 307, 344; of Southern Ocean, 298, 309; of South Pacific, 307; the Agulhas, 308; in Polar Regions, 309
Cyclones defined, 365; indraft of
air in, 366, 369, 374; localities of, 367 seasonal distribution of, 368; fall of barometer in, 368; waves caused by, 375; motion of, 370, 372, 379; position of greatest danger in, 370; segments of, 370; handling of ships in, 371; calm centre in, 373
Cyclonic system. See Depression.
Dalton's law of mixed gases not true for atmosphere, 112
Dampier, on rain at Gorgonia, 138; on land and sea breezes, 285 Danckelmann, von, on rainfall of Indian Ocean, 327 Daniell's hygrometer, 103 Dark segment, of the aurora, 192 Davos, solar radiation at, 56 Day, length of, in various latitudes,
Deep sea temperatures, 310 De La Rue, comparison of lightning with electric spark, 180; on colour of aurora, 193
Density, maximum, of fresh water, 312; of sea water (supposed), 313
Depressions explained, 354; air motion in, 357, 368; contrasted with anticyclones, 357; passage of, described, 358; phenomena on opposite sides of, 359; motion of, 361, 378, 380; subsidiary or secondary, 378
Deviation of winds owing to earth's rotation, 245
Dew, Wells' theory of, 114; ex- planation of, 118; excessive in tropical climates, 118; annua' amount of, 119 Dewpoint, 103, 115
Dines, hygrometer, 104; on annual
amount of dew, 119; on influence of height on rainfall, 134; on rainfall in London, 332; on rain- fall at Cobham, 334
Distribution of land and water on the globe, 11; its effect on tem- perature, 219
of plants and animals, 338, 342 Diurnal range of pressure, 88; at Greenwich, 89; at Calcutta, 89; at Nertschinsk, 89; in Boothia Felix, 89; in British Isles, 91
temperature, 37; at Green- wich, 40; dependent on amount of sunshine, 214
of cloud, 129
of rainfall, 147
of wind velocity, 163
Diurnal range of thunderstorms, 190 Doldrums, rain of the, 325 Dorpat, discussion of wind velocity at, 166
Dove, calculation of dry air pressure, 90, 113; theory of hail forma- tion, 146; isothermal charts, 222; relative temperature of two hemi- spheres, 230; isabnormal charts of temperature, 232; cause of Trade wind, 244; change of direc- tion of winds, 254; cause of Mon- soons, 265; on West Monsoons of the Line, 267; on equatorial and polar currents, 276; weather rules, 349; law of gyration, 360 influence of,
effects of rainfall, 136 Drift currents, 295
Dry air pressure, 90, 113
Dry and wet bulb thermometers, 107
Dryness of air, its effect on radia- tion, 57, 62
Dublin, annual range of temperature at, 45; evaporation at, 102
EARTH, the form of, 6; orbit
of, 7; rotation of, 8; motion of, in its orbit, 8; effect of motion on solar action, 45, 211; condition of its surface in relation to solar radiation, 46; in relation to terrestrial radiation, 60 Eaton (H. S.), on diurnal range of the barometer, 90 Ecliptic, inclination of the, 8 Electricity, atmospheric, 167; laws
of, at Brussels, 171; changes of, during thunderstorms, 172 Electric potential, defined, 170 Electrometer, Thomson's, 169 Electroscopes, 168 Equation of continuity, 297 Equator, diurnal range of tempera- ture at, 216; the thermal, 224 Equatorial current, atmospheric, 276 ocean, 299, 305, 307 Frman, Adolf, on relation of wind to pressure. 254
Ferrel, on relation of wind to pres- sure, 255
Firescreens, glass, action of, 53 Fitzgerald, M., on globular light- ning, 176
FitzRoy, Admiral, on weather of globe, 363
Five day means for temperature, 43 Floats, fishing, Norwegian, found in Labrador, 309
Floods, connected with drainage, 136
Fog, composition of, 119; forma-
tion of, 120; Aitken's theory, 120; density of, in Newfound- land, 120; in Spitzbergen, 122; sea, 122; entry of, in journals,
Fogbows (fog-eaters), 201
Föhn, the explanation of, 289; in Greenland, 289
Forecasting, its difficulty, 361 Forests, influence of, on water sup- ply, 136
Forked lightning, 173 Forties, the roaring, 264 Fortin's barometer, 72 Fox,' drift of the, 309 Fraction of saturation, 110 France, evaporation in, 102 Franklin, invention of lightning
conductors, 167, 183; proof of nature of lightning, 167
Freezing of sale water, 311; of fresh lakes, 312
Frequency of winds from various points, 276-281
ALES, straight-line, so-called, explained, 377
Galileo, observation of height of water in a pump, 63
Gas explosion, extraordinary effects of a, 156
Gases and vapours, differences be- tween, 95
Gay-Lussac's pipette, 83 Gilbert, Dr., evaporation from vari- ous crops, 99
Glaisher, Jas., balloon ascent, 12, 66; on terrestrial radiation, 61; hygrometric tables, 109; factors, 109; rain gauge, 131; on wind pressure, 158; winds at Green- wich, 277
Glasgow, excessive wind pressure at, 158
Glazed frost, 115; its effects in France (1879), 116 Globular lightning, 175 Glories, 203
Godefroy, on glazed frost, 116 Gradients, barometrical, explained, 353
Graduation of thermometers, 21; of barometers, 67
Grass, its influence on terrestrial radiation, 60
Gravity, correction of barometer readings for, 392
Greaves, C., on evaporation, 102 Greenland, Föhn in, 289; climate,342 Greenwich, diurnal range of tem- perature at, 40, 216; chronoiso- thermal diagram for, 48; diurnal range of pressure at, 89; annual range of temperature at, 218; ex- cessive wind-pressure at, 158; distribution of winds at, 276 Guinea current, the, 303 Gulf-stream, the, 221, 297, 318; its
course, 299; its influence, Croll 301; Haughton, 301; on the coasts of Europe, 302; in Polar Regions, 309 Gulf-weed, the, 303 Gyration, the law of, 360
[ADLEY, theory of Trade winds,
Hail, soft, 143; true, 143; insur- ance, 146; connected with thun- derstorms, 190
Hailstones, 143; Abich op, 143; Delcros on, 144; formation of, 145; Volta's theory, 145; Dove's theory, 146
Hair hygrometer, 105
Hall, Basil, ascent of the Peak of Teneriffe, 112
Hallsberg, whirlwind at, 382 Halos, explanation of, 203; relation of, to weather, 205 Hammerfest harbour, 221
Hann, on the causes of rain, 138, 139; on relative temperature of the two hemispheres, 231; on the effect of height on temperature, 236; on prevalent winds and thermal windroses, 280; on hill and val- ley winds, 288; on the 'Bora,' 383; on rainless regions on land, 328; on influence of mountains on rainfall, 328; on zone of maxi- mum rainfall, 329; on seasonai rainfall of Europe, 333 Harmattan, the, 293 Haughton, Dr., the sun compared with the earth as a source of heat, 51; on evaporation in various latitudes, 101; on effect of rain- fall on climate, 140; on motion of currents, 297; on influence of Gulf-stream, 301; on the Kuro Siwo, 306
Heat, amount of, received by each hemisphere, 10; solar, affected by motions of earth, 45, 211; by conditions of surface, 46; varia- tion of, in the daily and annual period, 47; sources of, 50; great-
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