second coming, 117, 133, 138,

145, 162.

See also Millennium.

Christianity, first occurrence of the
name, 154.

early Gentile, 119 ff.

coalescence of Gentile and Jew-
ish, 123.

inheritance from Judaism, 123,
129.

as a mystery, 128 ƒ.
Jewish, 138 ƒ., 147 ƒ.

Judaising tendencies and antag-

onism to them, 153-156.
spread of, 118 ƒ., 151, 193.

after Constantine, 211 f.
conversion of Germanic peo-

ples, 235-237.
Britain, 237.
Eastern Europe, 237.

modern missions, 352 f.
Christians, crimes charged to, 151.
Christmas, age of the festival, 221.
Christos, the title, 120.

Chrysostom, Saint, demolishes pagan
temples, 212.

liturgy of, 216.

Church, early organisation, 149.

"catholic," in Ignatius, 150.

at the end of the second century,

157-159.

Greek, see Greek Church.

Eastern, 191 f., 234.

Latin, 193 f.

doctrine of, Cyprian, 222 f.

Gregory I, 250 f., Augustine,
223 f., 249 f.

Wycliffe, 288 ƒ., Hus, 291.

See also Church and State.

Luther's idea of, 317, 321, 325.
Swiss, Zwingli, 307.

Calvin, 332 ƒ., 334, 370.
Reformed, the Netherlands,
France, Scotland, 334 f.

England, 309 f., 311 f., 335.
Anabaptist and sectarian idea of,
322, 324, 364, 365 ƒƒ., 368.
and world, 365.

Church and state,

Augustine, Civitas Dei, 249 f.,
257.

Gregory I, 250.

in the Christian empire, 248 f.
under the Carolingians, 252.
Nicholas I, 253.

Gregory VII, influence of Augus-
tine and feudal ideas, 256 ff.
Frederick I, Barbarossa, 258.
Innocent III, 258 f.

Boniface VIII, 259 f., Leo X,
267.

theory of French jurists, 260.
Dante, De Monarchia, 261.

Marsilius of Padua, Defensor
Pacis, 261 f., Occam, 262.
Wycliffe, 288 f.

Calvin, 334.

Cistercians, 279.

Civilisation, Catholic and Protestant
ideal of, 369 f.

Civitas Dei, Augustine, 249 ƒ., 257.
Clement of Alexandria, 167 f.
Clementine Recognitions and Homi-
lies, 148.

Clergy, see Priesthood, Orders,
Bishops.

Common Prayer, Book of, 312.
Communism, Wycliffe, 289.

Anabaptists, 322-324.

Compañía de Jesús, foundation of,
351 f.

Concealed Imam, of Shiites, 434 f.,
436 f.

Ismaili, 499 f., 503, Druse, 507,
Sheikhi, 510 f., Babi, 512.
Concord, Formula of, 355.
Concupiscence, in Augustine, 195,
198, 199.

al-Ghazali on, 464 ƒ.

Confession, in monasteries, 241.

to a priest, 241-244.

law of the Church, 242.

Confession of Faith, Westminster,
358.

Confirmation, Sacrament of, 219 f.,
346.

Congregational churches in New Eng-

land, 358, 361, 379.

Conquests, Moslem, 407, 408 ƒfƒ.

Conscience, liberty of, 370.

Consensus, principle of, in Islam,
413.

Consensus Repetitus, 357.

Consensus, Catholic and Protestant,
368-371.

Constance, Council of, 263 ƒƒ., 291.
Constantine, first Christian emperor,
178.

Constantinople, Council of (381), 184.

Fifth General Council (553), 191.
iconoclastic council (754), 229 f.
Constantius, Emperor, 183.
Constitutum Constantini, 294.
Consubstantiation, 319.
Conversion, Paul, 124.

Augustine, 194 f.
necessity of, 364.
paradigm of, 360 f.
methods, 362–364.

Moslem, al-Ashari, 423.

Al-Ghazali, 460.

in Sufi "way," 444.

Copernicus, 372 f.

astronomical system condemned,

373.

Coptic Church, 191.

Corruption of nature, Tertullian, 196.

Augustine, 198, 200.

See also Original sin.

Cosmogony, Jewish, 37 f.

Cosmology, Maimonides, 90 f.

al-Farabi, Avicenna, 454.
schoolmen, 274 ƒ.

modern, 372 f., 376.

Cosmos, redemption of, 135, 167,

452.

Council, Nicæa (325), 179.

Sardica (343), 215.

Seleucia-Rimini (359), 183.

Constantinople (381), 184.

Ephesus (431), 189.
Ephesus (449), 189.
Chalcedon (451), 190 f.
Constantinople (553), 191.
Constantinople (754), 229 ƒ.
Nicæa (787), 229.

Fourth Lateran (1215), 242.
Pisa (1409), 263.

Constance (1414-18), 263 ƒ.,
291.

Basel (1431-49), 265, 266, 291.
Ferrara-Florence (1438-'9), 265.
Fifth Lateran (1516), 267.
Trent (1545-'63), 343 ff.
Vatican (1870), 382 f.

Councils, authority of, 261–266.
Counter-Reformation, 343 ƒfƒ.
Courland, conversion of, 237.

Creation of the world, Genesis 1, 37 f.
out of nothing, 88, 92.

argument from, to creator, 84, 86.

criticism, Maimonides, 90.

God's end in, 92 f.

Asharite doctrine, 427, 429.

Creation of acts, 426, 475.

Creed, Jewish, Maimonides, 94, 102.
Christian, Apostles', 158, 326,
349.

Nicene, 180, 184 f., 326, 336,
345, 369.
Chalcedonian, 190 f.

Athanasian, 326, 336, 369.

Moslem, 474.

al-Ashari, 428.

al-Maturidi, 428.

Crescas, Hasdai, 94.

Criticism, textual, 357.

biblical, in 19th century, 377.

Cross, gospel of the, Paul, 127.

Crusades, 280.

Cultus, attitude of the prophets to,

15 ff.

See also Worship.
Cusanus, Nicolaus, 294.

Cyprian, 193.

Unity of the Catholic Church,
222.

on heretical baptism, 223.
Cyril of Alexandria, 188-192.
Cyrus, King, 31.

DA'IS, Ismaili emissaries, 501.
Babi, 512.

Damascus, Jewish sect at, 59.
Daniel, Book of, 64.

Dante, De Monarchia, 261.
Darazi, al-, 506 f.

Darius Hystaspis, 32.

David, Francis, 338, 370.

Day of Atonement, 43 f., 78 f.
Moslem fast, 402, 403.
Deacons, in early church, 149.
cardinal, 254, n. 1.

See Orders of the Ministry.
Death, origin of, 36, 129.

uncleanness from, 40 f., 477, n. 1.
See also Immortality.

Decius, Emperor, persecutions, 152,
177.

Decrees of God, Gottschalk, 238.
Reformers, 331 f.

Synod of Dordrecht (Dort), 356.
See also, Election, Predestina-
tion.

Decrees, Papal, Lamentabili sane ex-
itu, 385, Pascendi gregis, 385.
Tridentine, 344 ff.

Dedication, Feast of, 78.
Defensor Pacis, 261, 288.

Defilement, religious, see Unclean-

ness.

Deification, mystic goal, Dionysius
the Areopagite, 208.

Sufi, 448.

Deism, 375.

Demons, in Judaism, 37, 71, 72, 110 f.
Christianity, 135, 161, 166, 172,
173, 174 f.

Mohammedanism, 463, 475.

Denmark, Reformation in, 308 ƒ.
Deposit of faith, 369, 377.
Dervish, orders, 497 ƒ.

lay associates, 498.
See also Sufis.

Descartes, philosophy of, 374.
Determinism, Luther, 317.

Moslem theologians, 426 ƒ., 429 ƒ.
in Moslem orthodoxy, 489.
See also Predestination.

Deuteronomy, 22 ƒƒ.

Development, idea of, in theology,
377, 384 f.

Devil, in Judaism, 72 ƒ.

Christianity, 135, 174 f., 245.
Mohammedanism, 395, 463 f.,

482.

See also Dualism.

Dhikr, Moslem litany, 442, 498.

Dhu al-Nun Misri, 443.

Diaspora, see Dispersion.

Diets of the Empire (Reichstag):

Worms (1521), 302 ƒ.

Speier (1526), 303.

Augsburg (1530), 303 ƒ., (1555),
305.

Diocletian, Emperor, persecutions,
177.

Dionysius the Areopagite, 207-210

influence, in the church, 209 f.,
276, 308.

in Moslem mysticism, 209, 452.
Dioscurus, bishop of Alexandria, 189.
Director, Spiritual, Dervishes, 497.
Sufi, 444, 465.

Disciples of Jesus, first, 109.

their faith, 117 ƒ., 119, 138 f.
Discipline, ecclesiastical, 240 ƒfƒ.
Reformed churches, 332 f.
Protestant sects, 365.
See also Monasticism.

Dispersion of the Jews, 32 ƒ., 52.
Divination, Israelite, 9.

forbidden in Koran, 400.

Docetism, 153.

Valentinus, 166.

Dogma, ancient church, 180, 184 f.,
190 f.

Mediæval development, 273-275.
Tridentine, 344-349, Vatican,
382 f.

Protestant position, 336, 368-

371.

Moslem, 474–477.

See also al-Ashari, al-Ghazali.

Dogmas, in Judaism, Maimonides'

Creed, 94.

Mendelssohn on, 102.

Reformed Judaism, 103 f.

Dominicans, 281-283, 271 ƒ., 273, 300,
350, 352, 354.

Donation of Constantine, 294.

Donatists, 213, 223.

Dordrecht (Dort), Synod of, 355 f.

Druses, 506-509, 510, 517.

Dualism, Paul, 135, John, 142.

Marcion, 155, Gnostics, 156.
Manichæans, 194.

Cathari, Albigenses, 284.

Duns Scotus, John, philosophy and
theology, 272 fƒ., 283, 315 ƒ., 317.
influence of Ibn Gabirol, 87.
See also Scotists.

EASTER, 220 f.

Eastern churches, national, 191 f., 234.

See also Greek Church.

Eck, antagonist of Luther, 300.

Eckhart, 277 ƒ.

Ecstasy, Dionysius the Areopagite,

208, 209.

Eckhart, 277 f.

Enoch, Apocalypses, 64 f.

Ephesus, Council of (431), 189.
Latrocinium Ephesinum (449),
189.

Epicureanism, at Renaissance, 294.
Epiphany, festival of, 221.
Episcopate, see Bishops.

Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum, 297.
Erasmus, 297.

alienation from reformers, 324 f.
on the freedom of the will, 325.
Enchiridion Militis Christiani,
340.

Eriugena (Erigena), John Scotus,
209 f., 277.

Eschatology, Jewish, 55 f., 75, 84, 94,
104, 476.

Christian, Revelation of John,
144 f.

Apologists, 162, Irenæus,
162, 163.
Origen, 174.

Moslem, orthodoxy, 475 f.

Mutazilite, 422.

al-Ashari, 424 f.

Ikhwan al-Safa, 452.

al-Ghazali, 461.

Esdras, Second (Fourth), 65.

Essenes, 58.

Etaples, Le Fèvre d', 307 ƒ., 340.

Eternal generation, Origen, 171.

Ethics, Jewish, Ibn Pakuda, 85 f.,

Maimonides, 93.

Moslem, 441, 489 ff.
Mutazilite, 419.

Sufi, 444 f.

al-Ghazali, 463–465.

See also Morals.

Eucharist, celebration in early church,

150 f.

doctrine of, in John, 143.

Ignatius, ibid.

Justin, 151, Irenæus, 163.
development of liturgy, 215 ƒ.
mediæval theories, 238 ff.
Wycliffe, Hus, 290 f.

Luther, 318 f.

Zwingli, Calvin, 333 f.
Council of Trent, 347 f.

Eusebius of Nicomedia, 179, 181 f.
Eutyches, 189.

Evangelical poverty,

Franciscan, 262, 280 ƒ., 287, 289.
Wycliffe, 289 ƒ.

Evil, origin of, 155 f.

speculative Gnostics, 167.
Valentinus, 165 f.

Origen, 172 ƒ.

See also Dualism, Adam.

Excommunication, 240 f., 256, 365.
Exercises, spiritual, Sufi, 444.

al-Ghazali, 465; cf. Bahya, 86 f.
See also Mysticism.

Exorcism of demons, by Jesus, 110,

111.

in Christian baptism, 218.
Experience, ground of religious cer-
tainty, 460.

Expiation, Jewish, 41 ff.

death of Jesus, 130.
Exsurge Domine, Bull, 301.
Ezekiel, prophet, 23, 25, 26, 27.

FADL ALLAH, founder of Hurufis, 509.
Faith, Christian, in Paul, 127.

Apologists, 161.

and knowledge, Clement, 168.
content of, defined, creeds, 180,
190 f., 326 f., 369, 371.
Augustine, 199, 314 ƒ.
Luther, 315, Calvin, 332.

See also Justification, Conver-
sion.

Moslem doctrine, 415 f., 486 f.
al-Ashari, 427, 428.
al-Ghazali, 459, 460 ƒ.

content of, 474–476.

implicit, not sufficient, 455,
474.

and works, 415, 428, 468,

487.

Faith and reason, 88, 268, 275, 417,
468.

See also Philosophy and Religion.

Fall, in the godhead, 166.

of angels, 71 f., 246, n. 2.

of souls, Origen, 172.

of Adam, see Adam.

Family, in Moslem morals, 492 ƒ.
Fanā, in Sufi authors, 447, 460.
Farabi, al-, 87, 454, 455.

Fasting, 78 f., 203, 220, 221, 241 ƒ.,
307, 403, 465, 478 ƒ.
Fatalism, astrological, 135.
Father, in heaven, 74, 116.

Fathers, of the church, authority,
231.

Fatima, daughter of Mohammed, 431,
472, 503.

Fatimid caliphs, Ismaili, 503 f., 517.
Feast of Weeks (Pentecost), 8.
giving of the Law, 77.
Ferrara-Florence, Council of, 265.
Festival of Orthodoxy, 230.
Festivals, Israelite, 5, 8 f.

in synagogue observance, 76 ff.
Christian, 220 ƒ.

martyrs and saints, 225 f.
the Virgin, 227 ƒ.

pagan Arabs, 388 ƒ.

Moslem pilgrimage, 479–482.

Ficino, 210, 293.

Filioque, in the Creed, 265 ƒ., 266, n. 1.
Flesh, in Paul, 130.

See also Asceticism, Dualism.

Flood, Jewish myth, 34.

Florence, Council of (1439), 265.

Medicean Academy, 293.
Fons Vitæ, of Ibn Gabirol, 87.
Foreknowledge of God, 197.

See also Predestination.
Formula Consensus Helvetica, 357.
Formula of Concord, 355.
Fox, George, 366, 367.
France, Christianity in, 236 ƒ.

resistance to papal claims, 259 f.,
261.

Reformation in, 307 f., 312 f.,
334 f.

New School Calvinism, 356 ƒ.
Gallicanism, 380.

Francis de Sales, Saint, 351.
Francis of Assisi, Saint, 280.
Franciscans, 277, 280 ff.

Ghazali, al-, life and religious expe-
riences, 457 ff.

Ihya Ulum al-Din, 461 ƒƒ.
mysticism, 460 f., 465.
theology and ethics, 461 ff.

hostility to the philosophers,
454, 459.

reputation and influence, 466,
470 f.

Ghulam Ahmed, founder of Ah-
mediyya, 519-521.

Giant races, origin of, 37.
Druses, 507 ƒ.

Gnosis, in John, 140 f.

Apologists, 161.

Gnostics, 156 f.

Clement of Alexandria, 168.

See also 208 ƒ., 276.

Gnosticism, its speculative problem,