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"Mohammedan Institutions," "Mohammedan Law," by D. B. Macdonald may be commended. Religion.-The Arabs before Mohammed. WELLHAUSEN, JULIUS, Reste arabischen Heidentumes. 2d ed. 1887. JAUSSEN, ANTONIN, Coutûmes des Arabes au pays de Moab. 1908. Survivals of immemorial Arab heathenism; a work of very great value. Mohammed.-Margolioutн, D. S. Mohammed and the Rise of Islam. 2d ed. 1905. The author brings to his task a large knowledge of the Arabic literature, and gives in the light of it a fresh presentation of the subject-also one coloured by various prejudices. GRIMME, HUBERT, Mohammed. 2 vols. 1892, 1895. I. Life of Mohammed. II. Introduction to the Koran; Theological System of the Koran. ALI, SYED AMEER, The Spirit of Islam, or the Life and Teachings of Mohammed. 1896. An attractive presentation by a modern liberal Moslem. Islam.-GOLDZIHER, IGNAZ, Vorlesungen über den Islam. 1910. From Mohammed to the latest sectarian developments (Babis, Ahmediyyas, etc.). By the most eminent of living Islamic scholars; with copious notes and references to the literature, Oriental and Occidental. GOLDZiher, Ignaz, Muhammedanische Studien. 2 vols. 1889, 1890. KLEIN, F. A., The Religion of Islam. 1906. MACDONALD, DUNCAN B., The Development of Muslim Theology, Jurisprudence, and Constitutional Theory. 1903. With classified bibliography. A good introduction to the subjects. BOER, T. J., de, Geschichte der Philosophie im Islam. 1901. English translation: The History of Philosophy in Islam. 1903. See also de Boer's article, "Philosophy, Muslim" in Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics, Vol. IX, pp. 877-883. (Literature, p. 883.) GOLDZIHER TONA Z 66 Thin islamische und die jüdische Philosophie," in Allgemein Philosophie (Die Kultur der Gegenwart, I, 5). 1909. sketch by the hand of a master. HORTEN, M., Die Probleme der spekulativen Theologie im Islam. 1910. Die philosophischen Systeme der spekulativen Theologen ir ARNOLD, T. W., The Preaching of Islam. 2d ed. 1913. DUNCAN B., The Religious Attitude and Life in Islam. FREDERICK J., The Religions of Modern Syria and Pol On Mysticism (Sufism), see Goldziher, Ignaz, Vorlesung lecture 4, and NICHOLSON, R. A., The Mystics of Islam. 1974 bibliography, including the principal translations of Sufi l bis and Bahais.-BROWN, EDWARD G., "Bab, Babis," dia of Religion and Ethics, Vol. II, pp. 298-308. Wit an ography, down to 1910. Ahmediyya.—A history of the and description of its character and aims by an adherer 2 1575 English) in the Revue du Monde Musulman. Vol. I (Frus pp. 535–576.

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INDEX

ABBAS, al-, uncle of Mohammed, 435

Abd al-Baha, 518.

Abbasid caliphate, 408, 435.
Abd al-Baha, 516, 518 ƒ.
Abd al-Kadir al-Jilani, 497.
Abd al-Mumin, 472 ƒ.

Abdallah ibn Maimun, 500 ff.
Abelard, 268 ƒ.

theory of atonement, 247 ƒ.
Ability, natural and moral, 357.
Abraham, Religion of (Islam), 403.
Absolute, Neoplatonic, 165.

Bahya ibn Pakuda, 86, Kabbala,
96.

Valentinus, 165 ff., Origen, 170.
Dionysius the Areopagite, 207 ƒ.
Maximus Confessor, 209.
Ikhwan al-Safa, 451 f.
Ismaili, 500.

Sheikhi, Babi, 510, 512.
Absolution, form of, 243.

Abu Bekr, first caliph, 391, 392, 406.
Abu Hanifa, jurist, 412.

Abu Talib, uncle of Mohammed, 392.
Abyssinian Church, 191 f.
Accidents, momentaneity, 429.
Adam, sin of, in Paul, 129.

Irenæus, 162, Tertullian, 196.
Augustine, 197, 198.
Pelagius, 197.
Massilians, 201.

See also Original sin.

Adam and Eve, 35 f.
Adam Kadmon, 96.

Adat, Moslem customary law, 412.
Adorantes, Unitarian party, 338 f.
Adrian I, Pope (772-95), 230.
Eons, 166.

Africa, Proconsular, Christianity in,
193.

Mohammedanism in, 407, 436,
466 f., 503, 506 ƒ.

Agape, 150, 225.

Agha Khan, 506.

Αγνωσία, 208.

Ahab, king of Israel, 13.

Ahmediyya, 519 f.

Ailly, Pierre d', 315, 319, n. 1.

Akiba, Rabbi, 67.

Alamut, fortress of Assassins, 504 ƒ.
Alaric, 235.

Albertus Magnus (Albert of Boll-

stadt), 271.

Albigenses, 284 ƒ.

Alexander Jannæus, 54.

Alexander of Hales, 271.
Alexandria, Jews in, 51.
church in, 165.

Christian school, 167 f.

philosophy and theology in, 169
ff., 178 f., 181 f., 187 ff.
rivalry with Antioch and Con-
stantinople, 188 f.

Ali, fourth caliph, 408, 431.

party of (Shia), 432.

incarnation of godhead, 433, 509,
Ali Mohammed (the Bab), 511 f.
Ali-Ilahis, 509.

Allah, "the deity," 388.
Allegory, in Philo, 60.
Barnabas, 154.

Origen, 175.

Sufis and Shiites, 449 f.
Ismaili, 501.

Almohads, 470 f.

Almoravids, 470, 472.

Altdorf, university, Unitarianism in,
339.

Amalric of Bena, 286.

America, Protestantism in, 358, 361,
363, 368, 376, 378 ff.
Amos, his message, 15-17.
Anabaptists, 322, 324.

See also Baptists.

Anan ben David, 81 f.

Angels, in Judaism, 71.

Christian worship of, 154, 228.
nature of, Origen, 172.

Moslem doctrine, 475.

Anima Mundi, 451, 453, 500 f.
Anomoans, radical Arians, 183.
Anselm, 268.

theory of atonement, 246 ƒ., 345,
369.

Anthropomorphism, in Judaism, 90.
Christian monks, 176.

Moslem, 419, 423 f., 470-472.
Mutazilite rejection of, 419 f.
mediating theory, al-Ashari, 424.
combated by Ibn Hazm, 470.
by Ibn Tumart, 471 f.
Anthropos, in Valentinian Plerōma,
165.

Antichrist, Moslem, 476, 492; cf. 472,
in Christian polemics, 290, 302.
Antinomianism, Marcion, 155.
Gnostics, 156.

Sect of the Free Spirit, 286.
Anabaptist, 322.

Sufl, 449 f.

Antioch, philosophy and theology in,

178, 188.

Antiochus IV, Epiphanes, 52.
Antisemitism, 105.

Antitrinitarian tendencies, 338.
See also Trinity, Unitarians.
Antony, Saint, 194, 204.
*Αφθαρσία, 162.

Apocalypse, New Testament, 144 f.
See also Revelation of John.
Apocalypses, Jewish, 64 f.
Apocatastasis, Origen's theory, 174 f.,
176.

Apocrypha, in Protestant versions of
Old Testament, 320.

Council of Trent on, 345.
Apollinarius of Laodicea, 186 ff.
Apologists, Christian, 152.

teaching of, 160–162, 186, 245.
Apostles, the Twelve, 118 f.

missionaries, 149.

Apostles' Creed, 158, 326, 349.
Appropriation, of acts, al-Ashari, 426.
Aquila, translator of the Bible, 67.
Aquinas, 261, 269, 271–275, 315, 346,
348, 350, 369.

influence of Dionysius the Areo-
pagite on, 210.

philosophy of, Leo XIII on, 384.
Arabia, Jews and Christians in, 389.
Arabs, religion before Mohammed,
388 f.

conversion of, 394, 406.
conquests, 406 f.

Arians, 178 f., 181-184.

Goths and other Germanic peo-
ples, 236 f.

Aristotelianism, Arab, 451, 453 ff.

Jewish, 87 f., 89–94.

scholastic, 269 f.

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Bible and Koran, 92, 453 f.
"Theology of," 452 f.

See also Aristotelianism.

Arius, and his teaching, 178 ff.

recalled from exile, 182.

Ark (chest), of Jehovah, 5, 10, 11, 39.
Ark, Noah's, figure of the church, 224.
Armenian (Gregorian) Church, 192.
Arminianism, departures from Cal-
vinism, 355.

in Church of England, 367.
Wesleyan Methodists, 367.
Arminians, in the Netherlands, 355 ƒ.
Arminius, 355.

Asceticism, Jewish, 58 f., 86.

Christian, 203–207.

mediæval sects, 283 ff., 289 f.
Protestant, 360 ƒƒ.

Moslem, 439 ƒƒ.

al-Ghazali, 463, 464 ƒ.

See also Monasticism, Mysticism,

Sufis.

Ashari, al-, life and teaching, 423-429.
antagonism to, 428 f., 468 ff.
triumph of his theology in the
West, 470 ƒƒ.

Asmonæans, 52 f.
Assassins, 504 ƒƒ.

Astrology, fatalism, 135.
Astronomy, Copernican, 372 f.
Athanasian Creed, 326, 336, 369.
Athanasius, 181 f., 183, 184, 185, 186.
on the person of Christ, 187 ƒ.
Atomism, in Moslem dogmatics, 429 f.
Atonement, Day of, 43 f.

in the synagogue, 78 f.

Moslem fast, 402, 403, 478.
Atonement, doctrine of, Paul, 130.
Anselm, 245 ƒƒ., 345, 369.

Socinus' criticism, 341 f.

Aquinas, 247.
Abelard, 247.
Grotius, 342.

Arminian, universality of, 355.
Attributes, of God

in Jewish theology, 83, 84, 86.
justice and mercy, 70.
Maimonides, 90 f.

Moslem controversy, 420.
al-Ashari, 425.

Ibn Hazm, 468 f.

Ibn Tumart, 471.

orthodox doctrine, 475.

Augsburg, Reichstag of, 303 ƒ.
Interim, 305.

Confession, 304, 336.

churches of the, 305 f., 334,
344.

Peace of, 305, 344.

Augustine, life and teaching, 194–203.
church and sacraments, 223–225.
Civitas Dei, 249-251, 257.
Augustinianism, opposition to, 201 ƒ.
Synod at Orange, 202.
Gregory I, 202 ƒ.

in Middle Ages, Gottschalk, 238.
Reformers, Luther, 317, Melanc-
thon, 327 f., Calvin, 331, For-
mula of Concord, 355.
Jansenists, 354.

Synod of Dordrecht (Dort), 355 ƒ.
Formula Consensus Helvetica,

357.

See also Arminianism, Pelagian-

ism.

Avatar, Ghulam Ahmed, the latest,
519.

Avempace (Ibn Bajja), 455.

Averroes (Ibn Rushd), 94, 270, 454 ƒƒ.
Averroism, 94, 456.

Avicebron (Ibn Gabirol), 87.

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Baronius, Ecclesiastical Annals, 350.
Baruch, Apocalypse of, 65.

Basel, Council of, 265 f., 291.
Basilides, 165.

Basra, "Pure Brethren," see Ikhwan
al-Safa.

Batiniyya, 450, 458.

Beast of the Earth, in Moslem escha-
tology, 476.
Beelzebul, 111.

Beghards, 286, 287.
Beguines, 287.
Bektashis, 509.
Beliar, demon, 72.

Bellarmin, Cardinal, 350.
Benedict of Nursia, 206.

Benedictine rule and monasteries,
206.

Benedictus Deus, Bull, 349.

Berbers, Mohammedanism of, 470.
accept Ibn Tumart as Mahdi,
472.

Berengar of Tours, on Eucharist,
239 f.

Bern, Reformation in, 307.
Bernard of Clairvaux, 276.

Beroa (Aleppo), Nazarenes at, 147 ƒ.
Bet al-Adl, Bahai council 519.
Beyan, Scriptures of Babis, 513 f.

legislation in, 514.

Biandrata, 338.

Bible, first Latin version of New Tes-
tament, 193.

editions and translations at re-
vival of learning, 295.

Luther's translation of New Tes-

tament (1522), 303.

infallible divine oracles, 368.

See also Scriptures.

Biel, Gabriel, 316.

Bishops, in New Testament and Igna-
tius, 149.

organs of Apostolic tradition,
157.

synods of, 157.

parity, 213, 262, authority, 213.
Cyprian on the episcopate, 222.
canonical election, 255.

Luther's theory of the ministry,
321.

in Church of England, 310.
powers of, Tridentine decree, 348.
Methodist, 363.

Bishops of Rome, see Popes.
Bismillah, 512.

Black stone, at Mecca, 480, 481, 502 f.
Bogomiles, 284.

Bohemia, conversion of, 237.

Hussite reformation and wars,
290 f.

Bohemian Brethren, 291 f.
Bonaventura, 271.

Boniface II, Pope (530-532), 202.

Boniface VIII, Pope, 259–261.

conflict with Philip the Fair, 259.
Bull, Unam Sanctam, 260 ƒ.
Brandenburg, Unitarians in, 339.
Brethren and Sisters of the Free

Spirit, 286.

Bridge, judgment, 424, 476.

Britain, conversion of, 237.

See also England, Scotland.

Brownists, 364.

Bruno, Giordano, 373.

Buddhist influence in Sufism, 447.
Bulgaria, national church, 216.
Bull, Unam Sanctam (1302), 260, 261,
267.

Exsurge Domine (1520), 301.
Benedictus Deus (1564), 349.
Ineffabilis Deus (1854), 382.

Bunyan, John, 365.

CABALA (Kabbala), 94-97, 209.
Cæsarea Philippi, Peter's confession,
111 f.; cf. 472, n. 2.

Cain, 37, 249.

Calendar, Christian, Easter, 220 ƒ.
Moslem, 479.

Caliph, functions of, Sunnite theory,
432.

Shiite Imam, ibid.

Caliphate, primitive, 405 ƒƒ.
administration, 409.

Kharijite theory, 414 ff.

Caliphs, the Four, 405-408.
Omayyad, 408.

Abbasid, 408, 435.

Fatimid (Ismaili), 503.

Calixtines, 291.

Calvin, life, 308.

Institutio Christianæ Religionis,
308.

theology, 329-334.

Calvinism, symbols of, Swiss, 334.

Canons of Dort, 356.

Westminster Confession and Cat-

echisms, 357 ƒ.

Formula Consensus Helvetica,

357.

See also Reformed Churches.
"Five Points," 356.

"New School," 357.

Canaanites, religion, 2 f., 6, 7 ƒ.

Cano, Melchior, De Locis Theologicis,

350.

Canon of Scripture, ancient Chris-

tian, 158.

Protestant revision, 319 f.

Council of Trent, 345.

Cappel, Louis, 357.

Cardinals, 254.

Carlstadt (Andreas Bodenstein), 322.

Carmatians, 502 ƒ.

Carthage, church in, 193, 215.

Synod at (418), 200.

Carthusians, 279.

Casimir, John, king of Poland, 339.
Catechetical instruction, 220.
Catechism,

Racovian, 339.

Westminster, 358.

Catechismus Romanus, 349 f., 358.
Cathari, 284.

Catholic Church, modern conditions
and tendencies, 380-385.

See also Church.

Catholic Reformation, 343 f.
Causality, category of, al-Ashari, 427.
Celibacy, clerical, 207, 254, 308, 310.
Luther's rejection of, 302, 304.
condemned in Moslem tradition,
441.

among Dervishes, 498.
Certainty, religious, ways to, 458.

through religious experience only,
460.

Chalcedon, Council of, 190 f., 227.
doctrine of Person of Christ,
190 f.

Charles the Great, 251 f.

revival of learning under, 238.

on image-worship, 230, 252.
Charles V, Emperor (1519–58), 302 f.,
305, 343.

Chiliasm, see Millennium.
Christ, the name, 120.

faith of Jewish disciples, 117 f..
138 f., Nazarenes, 147 f.

a divine being, 121, 123.
worship of, 121, 123, 132.

Paul, 125 f., Hebrews, 136 f.,

John, 139 f.

docetic heresy, 153.

Marcion, 155, Gnostics, 156.

Apologists, 161, Irenæus, 162 ƒ.

Monarchians, 163-165.

Valentinus, 166, Origen, 171 f.,
176.

Paul of Samosata, 180 f.

Arian and Nestorian controver-

sies, 180-191.

Council of Chalcedon, 190 f.

Reformers, 326, 336.

Amalricians, 286.

Servetus, 336 ƒ.

Anabaptists, 338.

Socinus, Socinians, 338–340, 341.
See also Trinity.

death of, meaning and neces-
sity; disciples of Jesus, 130,
n. 1.

Paul, 126 f., 130, Hebrews,

137.

ransom to the devil, 245.
Anselm's theory, 245 f.,

Abelard, 247 f.

See also Atonement.

Spirit of, Paul, 132.

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