"Mohammedan Institutions," "Mohammedan Law," by D. B. Macdonald may be commended. Religion.-The Arabs before Mohammed. WELLHAUSEN, JULIUS, Reste arabischen Heidentumes. 2d ed. 1887. JAUSSEN, ANTONIN, Coutûmes des Arabes au pays de Moab. 1908. Survivals of immemorial Arab heathenism; a work of very great value. Mohammed.-Margolioutн, D. S. Mohammed and the Rise of Islam. 2d ed. 1905. The author brings to his task a large knowledge of the Arabic literature, and gives in the light of it a fresh presentation of the subject-also one coloured by various prejudices. GRIMME, HUBERT, Mohammed. 2 vols. 1892, 1895. I. Life of Mohammed. II. Introduction to the Koran; Theological System of the Koran. ALI, SYED AMEER, The Spirit of Islam, or the Life and Teachings of Mohammed. 1896. An attractive presentation by a modern liberal Moslem. Islam.-GOLDZIHER, IGNAZ, Vorlesungen über den Islam. 1910. From Mohammed to the latest sectarian developments (Babis, Ahmediyyas, etc.). By the most eminent of living Islamic scholars; with copious notes and references to the literature, Oriental and Occidental. GOLDZiher, Ignaz, Muhammedanische Studien. 2 vols. 1889, 1890. KLEIN, F. A., The Religion of Islam. 1906. MACDONALD, DUNCAN B., The Development of Muslim Theology, Jurisprudence, and Constitutional Theory. 1903. With classified bibliography. A good introduction to the subjects. BOER, T. J., de, Geschichte der Philosophie im Islam. 1901. English translation: The History of Philosophy in Islam. 1903. See also de Boer's article, "Philosophy, Muslim" in Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics, Vol. IX, pp. 877-883. (Literature, p. 883.) GOLDZIHER TONA Z 66 Thin islamische und die jüdische Philosophie," in Allgemein Philosophie (Die Kultur der Gegenwart, I, 5). 1909. sketch by the hand of a master. HORTEN, M., Die Probleme der spekulativen Theologie im Islam. 1910. Die philosophischen Systeme der spekulativen Theologen ir ARNOLD, T. W., The Preaching of Islam. 2d ed. 1913. DUNCAN B., The Religious Attitude and Life in Islam. FREDERICK J., The Religions of Modern Syria and Pol On Mysticism (Sufism), see Goldziher, Ignaz, Vorlesung lecture 4, and NICHOLSON, R. A., The Mystics of Islam. 1974 bibliography, including the principal translations of Sufi l bis and Bahais.-BROWN, EDWARD G., "Bab, Babis," dia of Religion and Ethics, Vol. II, pp. 298-308. Wit an ography, down to 1910. Ahmediyya.—A history of the and description of its character and aims by an adherer 2 1575 English) in the Revue du Monde Musulman. Vol. I (Frus pp. 535–576. 1 INDEX ABBAS, al-, uncle of Mohammed, 435 Abd al-Baha, 518. Abbasid caliphate, 408, 435. Abdallah ibn Maimun, 500 ff. theory of atonement, 247 ƒ. Bahya ibn Pakuda, 86, Kabbala, Valentinus, 165 ff., Origen, 170. Sheikhi, Babi, 510, 512. Abu Bekr, first caliph, 391, 392, 406. Abu Talib, uncle of Mohammed, 392. Irenæus, 162, Tertullian, 196. See also Original sin. Adam and Eve, 35 f. Adat, Moslem customary law, 412. Africa, Proconsular, Christianity in, Mohammedanism in, 407, 436, Agape, 150, 225. Agha Khan, 506. Αγνωσία, 208. Ahab, king of Israel, 13. Ahmediyya, 519 f. Ailly, Pierre d', 315, 319, n. 1. Akiba, Rabbi, 67. Alamut, fortress of Assassins, 504 ƒ. Albertus Magnus (Albert of Boll- stadt), 271. Albigenses, 284 ƒ. Alexander Jannæus, 54. Alexander of Hales, 271. Christian school, 167 f. philosophy and theology in, 169 Ali, fourth caliph, 408, 431. party of (Shia), 432. incarnation of godhead, 433, 509, Allah, "the deity," 388. Origen, 175. Sufis and Shiites, 449 f. Almohads, 470 f. Almoravids, 470, 472. Altdorf, university, Unitarianism in, Amalric of Bena, 286. America, Protestantism in, 358, 361, See also Baptists. Anan ben David, 81 f. Angels, in Judaism, 71. Christian worship of, 154, 228. Moslem doctrine, 475. Anima Mundi, 451, 453, 500 f. theory of atonement, 246 ƒ., 345, Anthropomorphism, in Judaism, 90. Moslem, 419, 423 f., 470-472. Antichrist, Moslem, 476, 492; cf. 472, Sect of the Free Spirit, 286. Sufl, 449 f. Antioch, philosophy and theology in, 178, 188. Antiochus IV, Epiphanes, 52. Antitrinitarian tendencies, 338. Apocalypse, New Testament, 144 f. Apocrypha, in Protestant versions of Council of Trent on, 345. teaching of, 160–162, 186, 245. missionaries, 149. Apostles' Creed, 158, 326, 349. influence of Dionysius the Areo- philosophy of, Leo XIII on, 384. conversion of, 394, 406. Arians, 178 f., 181-184. Goths and other Germanic peo- Aristotelianism, Arab, 451, 453 ff. Jewish, 87 f., 89–94. scholastic, 269 f. Bible and Koran, 92, 453 f. See also Aristotelianism. Arius, and his teaching, 178 ff. recalled from exile, 182. Ark (chest), of Jehovah, 5, 10, 11, 39. in Church of England, 367. Asceticism, Jewish, 58 f., 86. Christian, 203–207. mediæval sects, 283 ff., 289 f. Moslem, 439 ƒƒ. al-Ghazali, 463, 464 ƒ. See also Monasticism, Mysticism, Sufis. Ashari, al-, life and teaching, 423-429. Asmonæans, 52 f. Astrology, fatalism, 135. in the synagogue, 78 f. Moslem fast, 402, 403, 478. Socinus' criticism, 341 f. Aquinas, 247. Arminian, universality of, 355. in Jewish theology, 83, 84, 86. Moslem controversy, 420. Ibn Hazm, 468 f. Ibn Tumart, 471. orthodox doctrine, 475. Augsburg, Reichstag of, 303 ƒ. Confession, 304, 336. churches of the, 305 f., 334, Peace of, 305, 344. Augustine, life and teaching, 194–203. in Middle Ages, Gottschalk, 238. Synod of Dordrecht (Dort), 355 ƒ. 357. See also Arminianism, Pelagian- ism. Avatar, Ghulam Ahmed, the latest, Avempace (Ibn Bajja), 455. Averroes (Ibn Rushd), 94, 270, 454 ƒƒ. Avicebron (Ibn Gabirol), 87. Baronius, Ecclesiastical Annals, 350. Basel, Council of, 265 f., 291. Basra, "Pure Brethren," see Ikhwan Batiniyya, 450, 458. Beast of the Earth, in Moslem escha- Beghards, 286, 287. Bellarmin, Cardinal, 350. Benedictine rule and monasteries, Benedictus Deus, Bull, 349. Berbers, Mohammedanism of, 470. Berengar of Tours, on Eucharist, Bern, Reformation in, 307. Beroa (Aleppo), Nazarenes at, 147 ƒ. legislation in, 514. Biandrata, 338. Bible, first Latin version of New Tes- editions and translations at re- Luther's translation of New Tes- tament (1522), 303. infallible divine oracles, 368. See also Scriptures. Biel, Gabriel, 316. Bishops, in New Testament and Igna- organs of Apostolic tradition, synods of, 157. parity, 213, 262, authority, 213. Luther's theory of the ministry, in Church of England, 310. Bishops of Rome, see Popes. Black stone, at Mecca, 480, 481, 502 f. Bohemia, conversion of, 237. Hussite reformation and wars, Bohemian Brethren, 291 f. Boniface II, Pope (530-532), 202. Boniface VIII, Pope, 259–261. conflict with Philip the Fair, 259. Spirit, 286. Bridge, judgment, 424, 476. Britain, conversion of, 237. See also England, Scotland. Brownists, 364. Bruno, Giordano, 373. Buddhist influence in Sufism, 447. Exsurge Domine (1520), 301. Bunyan, John, 365. CABALA (Kabbala), 94-97, 209. Cain, 37, 249. Calendar, Christian, Easter, 220 ƒ. Caliph, functions of, Sunnite theory, Shiite Imam, ibid. Caliphate, primitive, 405 ƒƒ. Kharijite theory, 414 ff. Caliphs, the Four, 405-408. Abbasid, 408, 435. Fatimid (Ismaili), 503. Calixtines, 291. Calvin, life, 308. Institutio Christianæ Religionis, theology, 329-334. Calvinism, symbols of, Swiss, 334. Canons of Dort, 356. Westminster Confession and Cat- echisms, 357 ƒ. Formula Consensus Helvetica, 357. See also Reformed Churches. "New School," 357. Canaanites, religion, 2 f., 6, 7 ƒ. Cano, Melchior, De Locis Theologicis, 350. Canon of Scripture, ancient Chris- tian, 158. Protestant revision, 319 f. Council of Trent, 345. Cappel, Louis, 357. Cardinals, 254. Carlstadt (Andreas Bodenstein), 322. Carmatians, 502 ƒ. Carthage, church in, 193, 215. Synod at (418), 200. Carthusians, 279. Casimir, John, king of Poland, 339. Racovian, 339. Westminster, 358. Catechismus Romanus, 349 f., 358. Catholic Church, modern conditions See also Church. Catholic Reformation, 343 f. among Dervishes, 498. through religious experience only, Chalcedon, Council of, 190 f., 227. Charles the Great, 251 f. revival of learning under, 238. on image-worship, 230, 252. Chiliasm, see Millennium. faith of Jewish disciples, 117 f.. a divine being, 121, 123. Paul, 125 f., Hebrews, 136 f., John, 139 f. docetic heresy, 153. Marcion, 155, Gnostics, 156. Apologists, 161, Irenæus, 162 ƒ. Monarchians, 163-165. Valentinus, 166, Origen, 171 f., Paul of Samosata, 180 f. Arian and Nestorian controver- sies, 180-191. Council of Chalcedon, 190 f. Reformers, 326, 336. Amalricians, 286. Servetus, 336 ƒ. Anabaptists, 338. Socinus, Socinians, 338–340, 341. death of, meaning and neces- Paul, 126 f., 130, Hebrews, 137. ransom to the devil, 245. Abelard, 247 f. See also Atonement. Spirit of, Paul, 132. |