at the Department of State in February. Assistant Secretary for International Organization Affairs John R. Bolton met with him on several occasions in Paris.

Director General Mayor presented his first major policy document, the third medium-term plan, to the 131st session of the Executive Board, which proposed a number of changes. The 25th General Conference adopted a revised text by

consensus.

Congressional interest in UNESCO led to two hearings on UNESCO during 1989. Senator Moynihan convened a hearing before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on April 19 and heard testimony from private sector experts on UNESCO. Congressman Dymally held hearings before the International Operations Subcommittee of the House Foreign Affairs Committee. Specialists in UNESCO's fields of competence testified, as did Assistant Secretary Bolton, on behalf of the Department of State.

The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) submitted to the 131st session of the Executive Board in May an application for membership in UNESCO on behalf of the self-declared "State of Palestine." The United States opposed the move on the grounds that "Palestine" does not qualify as a state under generally accepted criteria of international law. The U.S. Representatives emphasized that admission of the "State of Palestine" to UNESCO membership or enhancement of the PLO's status beyond that of an observer delegation would preclude any consideration of U.S. reentry into UNESCO. The 25th General Conference deferred consideration of the application until the 26th session of the General Conference in 1991.

The Independent Commission on Management and Personnel Practices, appointed by Director General Mayor in December 1988 and chaired by Knut Hammarskjold, issued its report on December 20. The Commission was established "to advise the Director General on ways and means of improving staff efficiency and management in the UNESCO Secretariat." The Director General also appointed an International Panel of Advisors for guidance on implementation of the report.

During 1989 the United States remained a party to the following UNESCOrelated Agreements and Conventions:

The Agreement for Facilitating the International Circulation of Visual and Auditory Materials of an Educational, Scientific and Cultural character, with Protocol (Beirut Agreement), done at Lake Success, July 15, 1949;

-The Agreement on the Importation of Educational, Scientific and Cultural Materials, with Protocol, (Florence Agreement), done at Lake Success, November 22, 1950;

The Universal Copyright Convention and Protocols 1, 2 and 3 Annexed thereto, done at Geneva, September 6, 1952;

- The Convention Concerning the Exchange of Official Publications and Government Documents between States, adopted at Paris, December 3, 1958;

- The Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property, adopted by the UNESCO General Conference at its 16th session on November 14, 1979;

- The Universal Copyright Convention as revised at Paris on July 14, 1971, and Protocols 1 and 2 Annexed thereto, adopted on July 14, 1971, by an International Conference of States convened by UNESCO;

The Convention for the Protection of Producers of Phonograms Against Unauthorized Duplication of their Phonograms done at Geneva, October 29, 1971; and

-The Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage done at Paris, November 16, 1972.

The United States also participated in the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) and the International Geological Correlation Program (IGCP). The regulations governing these UNESCO-related bodies allow participation by non-UNESCO member states.

The United States made voluntary contributions, through the International Convention and Scientific Organization Contributions (ICSOC) Account, of approximately $2 million to selected international scientific or cultural activities in UNESCO's fields of competence considered important to U.S. interests. In the past, financing for these purposes was provided through U.S. annual contributions to UNESCO. Among other bodies or activities funded were the Man and the Biosphere Program and international activities in library and information science. A separate contribution of approximately $220,000 was made to the World Heritage Fund, whose Secretariat is provided by UNESCO.

UNESCO CONVENTION ON THE MEANS OF PROHIBITING

AND PREVENTING THE ILLICIT IMPORT, EXPORT

AND TRANSFER OF OWNERSHIP OF CULTURAL PROPERTY

During 1989 the United States carried out its obligations under the 1970 UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property in a number of ways. On March 14 the United States imposed emergency import restrictions on antique Amyara textiles belonging to the community of Coroma, Bolivia. U.S. action, in response to a request from the Government of Bolivia, was the second action taken by the United States under the Convention. In 1987 the United States imposed emergency import restrictions on certain preColumbian artifacts from El Salvador.

During the year, the Governments of Peru and Guatemala officially asked the United States to impose emergency import restrictions on certain of their archaeological materials in order to curb rampant looting and illegal flow of preColumbian artifacts. U.S. action is being considered in response to these requests. Also, a U.S. Delegation actively participated in a symposium on illicit trafficking in art and cultural property organized by INTERPOL and UNESCO held in Lyon, France, in December.

Although there are 68 state parties to the Convention, the United States remains the only state party that is considered a major importer of art. U.S. actions under the Convention are authorized by the Convention on Cultural Property Implementation Act, 19 U.S.C. 2601 et seq., as amended. Most of the Presidential functions in the Act are carried out by the Director of the U.S. Information Agency, who acts in consultation with the Secretaries of State and Treasury and upon the recommendation of the President's Cultural Property Advisory Committee. The Secretary of State is responsible for negotiating bilateral and multilateral agreements under the Act. Enforcement is the responsibility of the U.S. Commissioner of Customs.

UNIVERSAL COPYRIGHT CONVENTION

The international copyright activities of UNESCO, conducted primarily in association with the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), addressed a variety of issues of importance to American copyright interests during 1989.

In late June to early July 1989, the Intergovernmental Committee of the Universal Copyright Convention met in Paris. Among the many items on its agenda, the Committee discussed the practical application of the Universal Copyright Convention, the legal and technical assistance to states, the protection of translators and the report of the World Congress on Education and Information in the Field of Copyright.

At the same time, late June to early July 1989, the Intergovernmental Committee of the Universal Copyright Convention, sitting with the Executive Committee of the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, met to review the substantive copyright issues and activities undertaken since the last meeting of the two committees which was held in June 1987.

In July 1989 UNESCO and WIPO convened a committee of governmental experts at WIPO headquarters in Geneva to consider the status of the international protection of neighboring rights under the Rome Convention.

INTERGOVERNMENTAL OCEANOGRAPHIC COMMISSION

The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) is the only intergovernmental body for promoting cooperative ocean science on a global

scale. The Commission is unique within the UNESCO organization in that it is functionally autonomous, with its own membership of 117 countries, and its own program and budget supported not only by UNESCO but also by its member states.

Under the leadership of its respected new Secretary, Dr. Gunnar Kullenberg, the IOC is more important than ever in furthering U.S. objectives in global ocean science, particularly programs that can contribute to the international dimension of the U.S. Global Change Research Program (GCRP).

According to an Executive Office press release of January 29, 1990:

The President's budget for FY 1991 proposes spending $1.57 billion for global change research by Federal agencies, an increase of 57 percent over FY 1990. According to Presidential Science Adviser, D. Allan Bromley, . . . "With this budget, the President challenges the United States and the international scientific community to address significant scientific uncertainties and develop more reliable scientific predictions of future conditions. The development of sound... policies and timely responses depends on this research."

The following components of the U.S. Global Research Program will benefit by our participation in the IOC:

Studies of the dynamics and circulation of the world's oceans and their role in global change;

Investigations of the human-induced and natural processes within the ocean that control the concentrations of greenhouse gases;

Education and training programs for the development of the scientific talent necessary to conduct multidisciplinary global change research.

The IOC Executive Council met in July 1989. A major action taken by the Council was its decision to initiate the planning and implementation of a global ocean observing system. Such a system is critical to the success of the GCR, and will be built around existing components in cooperation with the World Meteorological Organization and the UN Environment Program. Although implementation of the operational system will require a major commitment of resources by member states, it is so important to future research that widespread support is likely. The plan should be ready for discussion and adoption at the 1992 second UN Conference on Environment and Development.

Other IOC activities from which the United States derives significant benefits include:

The IOC International Coordination Group for the Tsunami Warning System in the Pacific, which meets each year, oversees a program which benefits U.S. coastal economic interests directly by monitoring undersea earthquakes and issuing timely warnings of resulting tsunamis (so-called "tidal waves"). At its

1989 meeting, significant advances were made in improving efficient transmission of data.

-Ongoing U.S participation in the IOC Technical Committee for International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchanges, and the ICSU/IOC World Data Center System for Oceanography, provides U.S. agencies and scientists with access to foreign-source data at cost savings valued at over $1 million per average year. It also provides a mechanism for agreement among data agencies on international data standards and formats, which permit data to be exchanged at less cost. These programs are proposed to be expanded for applications to global change data management.

The IOC/WMO Technical Committee for the Global Ocean Services System, at its 1989 meeting, took action to improve the Voluntary Observing Ship system, and to upgrade transmission of real-time data on the Global Telecommunications System (GTS). This program provides operational data in real-time for weather forecasting and ship routing, as well as data products for use in global change monitoring and modeling.

The IOC Marine Pollution Research and Monitoring Program is now being implemented, in cooperation with UNEP and ICES, to provide a global assessment of oceanic contaminants and biological effects of pollution, and is expected to provide a scientific basis for regulatory actions under international conventions—e.g., the London Dumping Convention.

The IOC Subcommissions for the Western Pacific and for the Caribbean both met in 1989. They initiated several important regional programs addressing ocean circulation, harmful algal blooms and studies of the life cycle of shrimp.

INTERNATIONAL GEOLOGICAL CORRELATION PROGRAM

The principal goal of the International Geological Correlation Program (IGCP) is to promote cooperative research on global geologic problems. In recent years, the program has expanded from its traditional themes of correlation and calibration by giving increased emphasis to such topics as (1) the early evolution of the earth's crust and the sequence and global extent of subsequent geologic events, and (2) the present-day geologic environment, including geologic hazards and global climate change. The program work is carried out through 51 individual research projects that last from 4 to 10 years, depending on the complexity of the scientific problem to be studied.

The United States has played a prominent role in IGCP since its establishment in 1973. U.S. geoscientists helped design the program and are members of the IGCP Board and Advisory Scientific Committee. Funding from the National Science Foundation (NSF) has been critical to the success of the program. NSF funds serve as a catalyst to stimulate additional support from universities, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), and private industry. These