UNFPA is second only to the U.S. Government itself as a source of assistance for population activities in developing countries. It had a budget of $194 million in 1989 and finances projects in more than 130 countries. The Fund is working to devote an increasing ratio of its resources to family planning activities per se, to confine its commitment levels to reasonable expectations, and to retain sufficient flexibility so that the assistance will be geared to the circumstances of the recipient country.

In 1985 U.S. AID withheld $10 million of the $46 million that Congress had earmarked for UNFPA after reports surfaced that in the UNFPA-supported family planning program in the People's Republic of China women were forced to obtain abortions or submit to sterilization procedures. Congress then passed the Kemp-Kasten amendment which prohibits U.S. AID from providing assistance to an organization that supports or participates in the management of a program of coercive abortion or involuntary sterilization.

At that time, the Administrator reviewed the UNFPA program in China and made a determination that UNFPA was ineligible for funding under this restriction. This determination was subsequently upheld in the U.S. courts. No U.S. AID funds were provided for UNFPA in 1986, 1987, 1988 and 1989. Funds reserved for UNFPA in these years were reprogrammed into other U.S. AID-funded family planning activities.

U.S. AID continues to reserve funds for UNFPA each year in the event that a significant change in UNFPA's assistance to China or in the Chinese population program itself would make it possible to consider a resumption of U.S. AID support.

In her review of the financial situation of UNFPA, the Executive Director indicated that pledges totaled $180.7 million in 1989, an 8 percent increase over 1988, with 98 donors contributing to the Fund. There was an increase of over 5 percent in the contributions of all major donors along with favorable exchange rates.

Despite the fact that it has made no contribution to UNFPA since 1985, the United States remains an active participant in UNFPA's governance. Consideration of UNFPA items on the agenda of the 36th session of the UNDP Governing Council was marked by overall endorsement of the Fund's leadership and efforts to improve program effectiveness and outreach. The UNFPA expressed satisfaction with the positive and constructive U.S. participation.

The 36th session of the Governing Council reviewed a total of 27 documents. In the plenary session, Council members endorsed documents on the status of financial implementation of Council-approved country programs; the periodic report on evaluation; UNFPA's workplan for 1990-1993; and the UNFPA's strategy for office automation.

The United States cited a number of examples of complementary and well-coordinated efforts between UNFPA and U.S. AID in such areas as provision of contraceptive commodities, data collection and analysis, population awareness-raising and policy planning and implementation.

During the day and a half of the Committee of the Whole, 13 new multiyear country programs were reviewed and approved by consensus, including: Algeria, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, El Salvador, Mauritius, Nicaragua, Panama, Philippines, Sao Tome and Principe, Togo, Zimbabwe and the $57 million, 5-year program for China. In the case of China, the United States disassociated itself from the approval of the country program. In a statement read by U.S. AID Assistant Administrator Nyle Brady said the United States strongly opposed the program as currently formulated and dissociated itself unequivocally from any interpretation of the Council's consensus that would suggest U.S. approval of the family planning program in China.

The World Food Council

The UN General Assembly created the World Food Council (WFC) pursuant to resolution 22 of the 1974 World Food Conference. The Council offers advice and recommendations on world food and agricultural problems and related policy issues. The WFC performs this function primarily through its annual ministerial session. The Council is composed of 36 member states, representing various regions of the world, which are nominated by the ECOSOC and elected by the General Assembly. The United States and the U.S.S.R. have been members of the WFC continuously since its establishment. The Executive Director of the WFC Secretariat is Gerald Trant (Canada). The WFC Secretariat has a staff of 10 professionals, of whom 2 are Americans. The 1988-1989 biennium budget was $4.8 million.

The WFC held its 15th ministerial session in Cairo, Egypt, May 22-25. The U.S. Delegation to the meeting was headed by Dr. Richard T. Crowder, USDA Under Secretary for International Affairs and Commodity Programs. Egyptian Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Agriculture Youssef Wally was elected president for the 1990-1991 term.

The plenary sessions were devoted to interventions by delegations in response to the "Cyprus Initiative" developed at the 1988 ministerial meeting. Almost all delegations agreed that hunger and malnutrition are generally not caused by food shortages but rather by poverty and problems of distribution. In the U.S. intervention, Under Secretary Crowder asked "all council members to take stock of their own national efforts to end hunger and set an example by putting them in order." Crowder concluded by saying "each of us must show the political will to overcome the economic and social barriers that have left so many poor and hungry. Each nation is responsible; each nation must act."

The "Cairo Declaration" issued by the ministerial calls on nations to make the elimination of hunger and poverty a central objective of national policies. It asks international organizations and nations to create integrated food strategies aimed at achieving the sustainable reduction of hunger and malnutrition and increased food self-reliance. During 1989 the WFC Secretariat brought the Cairo Declaration to the attention of many international organizations and also made plans to hold regional meetings to discuss specific measures countries are taking to fight hunger and malnutrition.

SOCIAL ISSUES

Crime Prevention and Control

During 1989, preparations were carried out for the Eighth UN Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders to be held in 1990. The first regular session of ECOSOC thus passed a number of resolutions in the field of crime prevention and control. ECOSOC rejected a U.S. Government resolution recommending Vienna as the site for the 1990 Congress. Instead, ECOSOC accepted the invitation of the Cuban Government and chose Havana as the site in 1990. The U.S. Delegation stated that the United States would not participate because of the extensive allegations of human rights violations in Cuba, allegations of drug trafficking and assistance to hijackers.

ECOSOC resolution 1989/58 encouraged the further appointment of national correspondents in the field of crime prevention and control and requested the Secretary General to report on the implementation of this resolution to the next session of the Committee on Crime Prevention and Control. Resolution 1989/59 requested the Secretary General to issue special UN postage stamps on the occasion of the Eighth Congress and place the revenues earned at the disposal of the African Institute for the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders.

Resolution 1989/62 encouraged concerted international actions against the forms of crime identified in the Milan Plan of Action (i.e., organized crime, illicit drug trafficking and criminal acts of a terrorist nature). Resolution 1989/63 concerned the implementation of UN standards and norms in crime prevention and criminal justice. It requested the Secretary General to formulate proposals on this subject for the Eighth Congress and emphasized the need to strengthen the role of the Committee on Crime Prevention and Control.

Resolution 1989/68, entitled "Review of the functioning and program of work of the United Nations in crime prevention and criminal justice," lengthened the session of the Committee on Crime Prevention and Control to be held before the Eighth Congress and authorized the chairman of the

Committee on Crime Prevention and Control to convene intersessional working groups as necessary to consider priority issues of concern to member states. "Continuation of preparations for the Eighth UN Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders" was adopted as resolution 1989/69. This resolution, inter alia, set the dates for the Eighth Congress as August 27 through September 7, 1990, and recommended various topics to be addressed by the Congress.

The 44th session of the UN General Assembly adopted without a vote two resolutions on this subject. Resolution 44/71 requested the Committee on Crime Prevention and Control to give special attention to improvement of international cooperation in combatting organized crime, and resolution 44/72 was a general exhortation to continue UN efforts in the field of crime prevention and criminal justice.

Committee on Crime Prevention and Control

The 10th biennial session of the Committee on Crime Prevention and Control was held in Vienna, August 22-31, 1988. The next session is scheduled for 1990, to be held prior to the Eighth UN Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, to be convened in Havana, Cuba, August 27 through September 7, 1990.

Drug Abuse Control

During 1989 the United States continued to utilize the UN system to pursue key international drug control goals. Heightened drug control activities at the 1989 UN General Assembly and in other UN fora were evidence of the high priority that drug control continued to receive within the United Nations and among its member states.

In an effort to assist and express solidarity with the Colombians and to give impetus to the worldwide fight against the violence and other negative results of illicit narcotic activities, the 44th General Assembly adopted a resolution calling for a special session on Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, to be held February 20-23, 1990, in New York. Other multilateral drug control activities focused on encouraging rapid ratification of the 1988 drug trafficking convention and continuing followup to the recommendations of the UN's June 1987 International Conference on Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking (ICDAIT).

To assure the success of the new convention and to continue progress on other drug control endeavors, the United States worked diligently in several different UN fora. During 1989, in addition to the customary meetings, international narcotics control issues were discussed by Security Council members and in the joint meetings of the Administrative Committee on Coordination (ACC) and the Committee on Program Coordination (CPC). The United States continued to concentrate on working through the three UN

intergovernmental bodies most involved in drug control activities—the Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND), the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) and the UN General Assembly.

The United States also worked closely with the UN Secretariat to obtain additional UN regular budget resources for the UN Division of Narcotic Drugs and the Secretariat of the International Narcotics Control Board. In addition, the United States worked with UN member states from all regions to promote rapid ratification of the new convention and to ensure that UN drug control program activities, at the country level, continued to gain wide support.

During 1989 contributions increased substantially for the UN Fund for Drug Abuse Control (UNFDAC), a voluntary fund established in 1971 largely through United States efforts. An American continued to serve as UNFDAC Deputy Director and, as elsewhere in the UN system, efforts continued to ensure the employment of U.S. citizens at appropriate levels in the drug agencies.

UN DRUG CONTROL AGENCIES

Ms. Margaret Joan Anstee (United Kingdom) continued as Coordinator of UN Drug-Related Activities, while serving as Director General of the UN Office at Vienna. She was responsible for overseeing and coordinating the major issues related to the UN drug agencies.

Division of Narcotic Drugs

The UN Division of Narcotic Drugs (DND) Programs emphasized practical technical and scientific assistance to member states. In addition, the DND worked extensively with experts from the United States to develop the International Drug Abuse Assessment System (IDAAS), a U.S. initiative made possible by a special 1988 contribution from the United States. This system will enable the Division to analyze drug abuse data at national, regional and international levels and will facilitate worldwide cooperation in this area. Francisco Ramos-Galino (Spain) continued to serve as the DND Director. During the CND session, the Division received praise for its work on the 1988 Vienna drug trafficking convention.

UN Fund for Drug Abuse Control

The UN Fund for Drug Abuse Control (UNFDAC), under the leadership of Executive Director Guiseppe Di Gennaro (Italy), continued to expand its program activities during 1989. A total of 152 technical cooperation projects were undertaken in 49 countries. The growth in financial resources from voluntary contributions enabled UNFDAC to enlarge its programs worldwide. Activities were focused on reducing the supply of and demand for illicit narcotics, strengthening drug control measures, including law