such a thing as this; it would be contrary to justice! Take your turn, Phænippus; enter for a short time into the rank of those who serve the public offices; since the people in the works have been unfortunate, and you agriculturists enjoy more than your fair share of prosperity. You have been for a pretty long period receiving the income of two estates, that of your natural father Callippus, and that of him who adopted you, Philostratus the orator; and you have never done anything for your countrymen. The inheritance which my father left to each of us, my brother and myself, was only forty-five minas, on which it is not easy to live: but your fathers possessed such riches, that there stands a tripod offered by each of them in honour of their choragic victories at the Dionysia. And I do not grudge the honour; for men of wealth ought to make themselves useful to their fellowcitizens. Show, Phænippus, that you have expended a single copper coin for the benefit of the state-you who have inherited two properties liable to public charges! You cannot show it; for you have learnt the trick of concealment and evasion and doing everything to escape the public service. I, on the contrary, will show that I have expended large sums of money-I who received so slender an inheritance from my father!

First however read me that law which declares that no mining property shall be included in the inventory. Read also the challenge, and the depositions showing that the respondent Phænippus has inherited two estates liable to public charges.

[The Law. The Challenge. The Depositions.]

There is one thing, men of the jury, and one thing only, in which Phænippus the respondent can be shown to have displayed public spirit. He is a clever and spirited breeder of horses, being young, rich, and strong. What is the positive proof of this? He has given up riding on horseback, and in lieu of his war-horse, which he has sold, has purchased for himself a chariot, (young as he is,) that he may not travel on foot; so luxurious is he become. He has put down the chariot for me in his schedule, but of the barley and the wine and the rest of the farm-produce not a tenth part. He deserves to be let off now, (doesn't he?) when he has been

so public-spirited and useful both in his person and in his property. He deserves something very different, I should say. While it is the duty of an honest jury to give a respite, in case of need, to those citizens who in their time of prosperity cheerfully serve public offices and remain in the list of the Three-hundred; you should deal otherwise with those who regard all money spent in the public service as lost; you should bring them into the foremost class of tax-payers, and not suffer them to run away from their obligations.

Read me first the deposition, and afterwards his inventory. [The Deposition. The Inventory.]

Never mind that. True it is, men of the jury, Phænippus carried away many things from the buildings, opening the chambers that were sealed, as has been proved in evidence, and leaving just what he liked; and two months afterwards he gave me the inventory of his property. However, no more of that. Read from the words "upon this property I owe the debts following"

[The Inventory.]

Stop This Aristonoe, men of the jury, is the daughter of Philostratus, and mother of the respondent. He says that a debt is owing to her for her marriage portion, of which the laws make him the owner; he tells a falsehood therefore, and makes out his inventory incorrectly. How is it, Phænippus, that I, although my mother is alive and remains a member of our family and brought a marriage portion into it, do not schedule the portion as a debt to her and try to impose on the jury, but allow my mother to share what I possess, whether I have my own estate or that of Phænippus? The reason, my good sir, is, that the laws so command me. But you violate the laws in everything. Read another.

[The Inventory.]

You hear, men of the jury. He says that he owes upon the land a talent to Pamphilus and Phidolaus of Rhamnus jointly, and four thousand drachms to antides of Phlyus, and fourteen minas to Aristomenes of Anagyrus. How comes it, Phænippus, when I asked you in the presence of witnesses if you owed anything upon your border-farm, and when I requested you to show me any tablet of mortgage that was

upon it, and protested against any fictitious creditors springing up afterwards to my prejudice how comes it that you did not disclose any of these debts then, but that now, when you have given me your inventory two months after the time, the law requiring it to be given within three days, creditors have made their appearance, and debts of more than three talents? The reason, my good sir, is plain. You are simply contriving, that you may have private debts to the same amount as the debt which I have incurred to the state. That your account is false, Phænippus, and that you have come into court a perjured man, I will prove this very minute beyond a doubt.

Please, Usher, to take the deposition of antides and Theoteles, whom the respondent has falsely entered as his creditors for four thousand drachms; he having paid them long ago, not voluntarily, but after a judgment obtained against him. Read.

[The Deposition.]

Here, men of the jury, is a person, who has made out an inventory that is manifestly fraudulent from beginning to end-who has paid no regard either to the laws which fix the time in which the inventory should be made out, or to those private agreements which we are accustomed to consider as equally binding-who, further, has broken the seals. of the buildings and carried away the corn and the wine that was stowed inside—who, in addition to this, has after the exchange sold timber to the value of more than thirty minas, and (what is worst of all) who has concocted false debts for the purpose of the exchange! Will you then decide that this person has made out an honest inventory? Far be such a thing from your thoughts, men of the jury! Failing to get your verdict, what is one to have recourse to-when wealthy men, who have never done any good to you, who produce a large quantity of corn and wine and dispose of it for treble the price they did formerly, obtain undue advantage in your courts? Let not this happen now, I entreat you; but, as you have given public relief to all those engaged in the mining business, so now afford relief to me in my

1 Pabst "und Dich vor Zeugen beschwor, nicht etwa erdichtete Schuldner auftreten zu lassen."

private capacity. Surely, if I had been your slave, instead of your fellow-citizen, yet, seeing my industrious habits and my good will to you, you would have allowed me a respite from my heavy charges, and called upon one of the rest who was shirking his duty. I ask for the like treatment under existing circumstances. Hereafter, when I have paid you the three talents for which I became liable and have recovered my losses, you will relieve some other distressed person and come upon me. But now, men of the jury, discharge me, I beseech you. I have made out an honest case, and I implore you to give me your assistance, and not suffer me to be oppressed by my adversaries.

APPENDIX I.

TRIBES AND TOWNSHIPS.

Or the more ancient divisions of Attica, and of the four tribes which existed before the innovations of Clisthenes, it is not my intention to give an account here. I shall content myself with referring to my epitome of the subject under title Tribus in the Archæological Dictionary, and to the authorities there indicated. Let the reader only bear in mind, that each tribe was divided into three pparpiai, fraternities, or clans, (as I have translated it,) analogous in their political relations to the Roman Curiæ; and each clan into thirty yévn, or families, in the larger sense of the term family, corresponding to the Roman Gens. Each family was distinguished by a name of a patronymic form, derived from some hero or mythic ancestor, as Eumolpidae; though in process of time, as might be expected, these divisions did not necessarily import family connexion. The members of the clans and families had their respective religious rites and festivals, which were preserved long after the communities had lost their political importance.

Before the time, of Solon there was a gradation of ranks, said to have been established by Theseus; the Eupatrida, or Nobles; the Geomori, or Agriculturists; and the Demiurgi, or Artisans. Solon abolished these distinctions, and introduced his property qualification, of which I have spoken elsewhere. (See Volume I. Appendix IV.) He however made no change in the constitution of the ancient tribes; which were thought to keep up artificial distinctions, not agreeing with that fusion of all ranks, which it was the object of a later generation to accomplish; and accordingly, after the expulsion of the sons of Pisistratus, the four old tribes were abolished, and the whole state reorganised.

Clisthenes, the leader of this democratic reform, (whose institutions continued to be in force, with some few interruptions, till the overthrow of Athenian independence,) created ten new tribes, first dividing the whole territory of Attica into a hundred parts, which he called Spo, or townships, and assigning ten of these to each tribe; not however ten contiguous ones, but so that each tribe might be composed of townships locally separate. The object of this arrange ment was, that by the breaking up of old associations a perfect