that they would be found to have some kind of mutual co-operation; that the ongoings of the one would be often a clue to the ongoings of the other.

The form of the interrogation that the foregoing remarks are designed to answer, may be objected to as purely rhetorical and in some measure unfair. If the matter of the brain were the only substance that mental functions could be attributed to, all the knowledge that we possess of that organ might not avail us much in laying down laws of connexion between mind and body. But such is not the fact. The entire bodily system, though in varying degrees, is in intimate alliance with mental functions. To confine our study to the nervous substance would be to misrepresent the connexion; and the knowledge of that substance, however complete, would not suffice for the solution of the problem. Looking at a child's cut finger, we can divine its feelings; if we see a smiling countenance, we know something of the mental tone of the individual.

It might seem that we must yet be a long way from understanding an organ so minute and so complicated as the Brain. If we were to confine ourselves to the one mode of post-mortem dissection, we should probably attain but a small measure of success. But another road is open. We can begin at the outworks, at the organs of sense and motion, with which the nervous system communicates; we can study their operations during life, as well as examine their intimate structure; we can experimentally vary all

OUTWORKS OF THE BRAIN.

5

the circumstances of their operation; we can find how they act upon the brain, and how the brain re-acts upon them. Using all this knowledge as a key, we may possibly unlock the secrets of the anatomical structure; we may compel the cells and fibres to disclose their meaning and purpose.

CHAPTER II.

CONNEXION OF MIND AND BODY.

THE facts showing that the connexion of Mind and Body is not occasional or partial, but thorough-going and complete, are such as the following:

In the first place, it has been noted in all ages and countries, that the Feelings possess a natural language or Expression. So constant are the appearances characterizing the different classes of emotions, that we regard them as a part of the emotions themselves.

The smile of joy, the puckered features in pain, the stare of astonishment, the quivering of fear, the tones and glance of tenderness, the frown of anger,—are united in seemingly inseparable association with the states of feeling that they indicate. If a feeling arises without its appropriate sign or accompaniment, we account for the failure either by voluntary suppression, or by the faintness of the excitement, there being a certain degree or intensity requisite to affect the bodily organs.*

*

* The following remarks of Mr. Darwin are in point :-Most of our emotions [he should have said all] are so closely connected with their expression, that they hardly exist if the body remains passive. A man, for instance, may know that his life is in the extremest peril, and may strongly desire to save it; yet, as Louis XVI. said, when surrounded by

EXPRESSION OF THE FEELINGS.

7

On this uniformity of connexion between feelings and their bodily expression depends our knowledge of each other's mind and character. When anyone is pleased, or pained, or loving, or angry, unless there is purposed concealment, we are aware of the fact, and can even estimate in any given case the degree of the feeling.

From a variety of causes, we are deeply interested in the outward display of emotion. The face of inanimate nature does not arrest our attention so strongly as the deportment of our fellow beings; in truth, the highest attraction of natural objects is imparted to them by a fictitious process of investing them with human feelings. The sun and the moon, the winds and the rivers, are less engaging when viewed as mere physical agencies, than when they are supposed to operate by human motives and purposes, loves and hates.

The interest of the human presence, in all its various workings, regarded as symptomatic of mental processes, is laid hold of and heightened in the Fine Art of cultivated nations. To the painter, the sculptor, and the poet, every feeling has its appropriate manifestation. Not merely are the grosser forms of feeling thus linked

a fierce mob, "Am I afraid? feel my pulse." So a man may intensely hate another; but until his bodily frame is affected, he cannot be said to be enraged. (Expression,' p. 239.)

To the like effect Dr. Maudsley observes :-"The special muscular action is not merely the exponent of the passion, but truly an essential part of it. If we try, while the features are fixed in the expression of one passion, to call up in the mind a different one, we shall find it impossible to do so." (Body and Mind,' p. 30.)

with material adjuncts; in the artist's view, the loftiest, the noblest, the holiest of the human emotions, have their marked and inseparable attitude and deportment. In the artistic conceptions of the Middle Ages, more especially, the most divine attributes of the immaterial soul had their counterpart in the material body: the martyr, the saint, the blessed Virgin, the Saviour Himself, manifested their glorious nature by the sympathetic movements of the mortal framework. So far as concerns the entire compass of our feelings or emotions, it is the universal testimony of mankind that these have no independent spiritual subsistence, but are in every case embodied in our fleshly form.

This very strong and patent fact has been usually kept out of view in the multifarious discussions respecting the Immaterial Soul. Apparent as it is to the vulgar, and intently studied as it has been by the sculptor, the painter, and the poet, it has been disregarded both by metaphysicians and by theologians when engaged in settling the boundaries of mind and body.

A second class of proofs of the intimate connexion between Mind and Body is furnished by the effects of bodily changes on mental states, and of mental changes on bodily states.

The embarrassment in dealing with this group of facts is their number. I shall commence with a few of the vrdinary and recognised instances, and then refer to the comprehensive generalities arrived at by physiologists.