surface, and represented in a vivid man- CAMPAGNA (kam-pan'-ya, the a pronounced Fr. "Pleasures of Hope," 309, 412, Lord Ullin's Daughter, 276. Ocean, about sixty miles from the west CANDOR, from the Latin word candere, to be white, to shine, to glitter; hence sin- CANDLES, candlestick. See Candor. CANNING, George, a highly accomplished CAPACITY (from the L. capio, I hold, or CARICATURE (from the Italian caricare, to ous. The Sword and Press, by, 255. CASHIER (Fr. casser, to break), to dismiss CASTLE-BUILDING, forming visionary proj- CASS, LEWIS, On Labor, 427. CATILINE, a Roman of great talents, but dis- CATSKILL Mountains are in the vicinity of CAVERN by the Sea, The, 183. Ode on Cecilia's Day, 416. sea. CENTURY (from the Latin centum, a hun- CHALMERS, Thomas, a celebrated Scotch Planets and Heavenly Bodies, 224. Kindness to Brute Animals, 195. Passage of Beresina, 326. CHANNING, Wm. Ellery, a celebrated Ameri- On the Teacher's Calling, 186. Effects of Irreligion, 316. the British government. He was born Described by Hazlitt, Grattan, 245, 6. CHAPMAN, a trafficker, a cheapener. CHAPS (chops), the mouth of a beast. CHAPTER (from the Lat. caput, a head), a division of a book or treatise; as Genesis contains fifty chapters. CHARLATAN, & quack; from an Italian word, meaning to prate. CHARLEMAGNE (Shar-le-man), King of the Franks, and subsequently Emperor of the West, was born 742, died 814. His name means Charles the Great. Although he did not know how to write, he was a friend to learning. See p. 395. CHARLES the Twelfth of Sweden; born 1682; killed by a cannon-ball, 1718. He was a military hero, who was lavish of human blood whenever his selfishness or ambition was to be gratified. CHICANERY (she-kän-er-y), trickery, by which a cause is delayed or perplexed. CHILLON (Shillong), 142. See Bonnivard. CHIROGRAPHY (kirog'rafy), the art of writ ing; from the Gr. cheir, the hand, and grapho, I write. CHOCK, a wedge used to secure anything with, or for anything to rest on. The long-boat, when it is stowed, rests on two large chocks. CHO'RUS, a number of singers; verses of a song, in which all present join. CHRISTENDOM, all the countries of the world, the people of which profess Christianity. CHRISTIANITY, Obligations to, 313. CHRONOMETER (Gr. chronos, time, and metros, measure), an instrument measure time with great exactness. CRUм, a chamber-fellow. to CICERO, the most famous of Roman orators; born 106 B. C., murdered by soldiers 43 B. C. Compared with Demosthenes, 243. CINCINNATUS, a consul of ancient Rome; he was repeatedly taken from his plough and farm to assume the highest offices of the state. A society of American revolutionary officers took their name from him, calling themselves Cincinnati, whence the great city of Ohio has its name. CIRCUMFERENCE (from the Lat. circum, around, and fero, I carry), a line that bounds the space of a circle. CIRCUMSTANCE (from circum, around, and stans, standing), an incident, a state of affairs. CIVILIZATION, Progress of, 338. CLASSICS (from the Latin classis). The Romans were divided into six classes, and classici was the name given to the first class; whence the best Greek and Roman authors have been, in modern times, called classics, that is, first-class writers. CLASS Opinions; those of a certain set or class of mutual admirers and supporters, 72. CLAY, Henry, an American orator and statesman, born in Va. 1777, died 1852. For many years he represented Kentucky in Congress. Extract from his Speeches 271. CLEAVE; as used p. 265, this is an in transitive verb, or one in which the action is confined to the agent, and does not pass over to an object. CLERK; the English pronunciation of this word (as if clark) is now repudiated. CLEVER, dexterous, expert; the meaning good-natured seems peculiar to Amer. ica. CLIFF (now generally spelt clef), a charac ter in music; from the L. clavis, a key. CODE. With the ancient Romans that part of the wood of a tree next to the bark was called coder; and the laws written on this wood, smeared with wax, took its name; whence is our word code, a collection of laws. COGNAC (kỏn-yak), a French brandy. COLERIDGE, Samuel Taylor, an English poet and philosopher, b. 1770, d. 1843. Translation from Schiller, by, 343. COLOSSAL, gigantic, like a Colossus; an ancient statue of Apollo, which stood across the entrance of the harbor at Rhodes, being so called. It was of brass, one hundred and five feet high, so that ships could pass under its legs. COLOSSEUM (col-os-se'um), The, 386. COLLINS, Wm., an English poet, b. 1720, d. 1756. His odes, written when he was quite young, show great genius. Ode to the Passions, 402. COLUMBUS, Christopher, was born at Genoa, 1437; died 1506. See America. COMBUSTIBLE, capable of burning. COMET (from the Gr. kome, hair), a celes tial body, with a luminous train. COMMONS. In countries having kings and nobles, the common people, or their representatives, are thus called. COMPANION (from the Lat. commu'nis, common, and panis, bread), literally, one with whom we share bread. CONCAVE, hollow; opposed to convez, spherical. CONCIERGERIE (kon-se-airzh'-re), the name of a prison in Paris. CONCISE (from the Lat. conci'do, to cut down), brief, containing few words. CONCRETE (Lat. concres-ce-re, to grow together, to coalesce in one mass). As an adj., formed by coalition of separate particles in one body. In logic, existing in a subject; not abstract; as the white snow. As a noun, a compound, a mass formed by concretion. CONFUSED. As used by Heywood, p. 294, the accent is on the first syllable. In his day, usage had not settled the accent of a large class of English words. CONGREVE, WM., an English dramatist and poet, b. 1672, d. 1729. His reputation, very great in his day, has deservedly dwindled. The Preacher who Failed, &c., 286. CONJURE; when it means to call on solemnly (as on p. 372), the accent is on the last syllable; when it means to affect by magic, or to practise the arts of a conjurer, the accent is on the first syllable. CONSCIENCE; derivation explained, 125. CONSENTA NEOUS, agreeing, accordant. CONSONANTS; derivation of, &c., 15, 16, 21. CONSTANCE', a lake between Germany and Switzerland, ten leagues long, and three in its greatest breadth. CONSTELLA'TION (from the Latin con, together, and stella, a star), a group or cluster of fixed stars. CONTEM PLATE. The Lat. word templum, a temple, a place set apart for meditation, enters into the derivation of this word. CONTEMPORARY, sometimes written cotemporary (from the Lat. con, together, and tempus, time); living at the same time. CONTENT (from con, and teneo, I hold). He who is content is literally one who contains; who holds enough; satisfied. CONTINENT (Lat. continens, containing), that which contains or holds; hence, in geography, a great extent of land not disjoined by the sea. The word is much used by British writers to signify the countries of Europe other than Great Britain and Ireland. CONTRARY. This word should not be used as if the same in meaning as opposite. "Opposites" complete, while "contraries" exclude each other. Opposite qualities may meet in a person, but not contrary. CONVERSATION SPOILERS, 248. COPSE (from the Gr. kopto, I fell, cut down), a wood of small growth, because of being cut. CORDUROY, a thick cotton stuff, corded or ribbed. CORONACH (kor'-o-nak), a wild expression of lamentation among the Scotch Highland ers; poured forth by mourners over the dead body of a friend, 258. CORNUCOPIA (L. cornu, a horn, copia, plenty), the horn of plenty. CORREI (kor'ray), the hollow side of the hill, where game usually lies. CORTEGE (kor-tā'zjlı), a train, a retinue. COTERIE (ko-te-ree), a set, clan, circle of people. COTTLE, JOSEPH, a publisher and author, of Bristol, Eng. His tribute to Henderson, p. 167. COULTER (kōl'ter), the sharp iron of a plough. It is from the Latin culter, a plough-share, which is from colo, I culti vate. COUP-DE-MAIN (hoo-dūhr-măng), a bold stroke; literally a hand-stroke. COURAGE, from the Lat. cor, the heartthe heart being the seat of courage, 242. COURIER, PAUL LOUIS, a witty French writer, born 1773, assassinated 1825. An Adventure in Calabria, 305. COWPER, WM., one of the truest and best of English poets, was born 1731, died 1800. Ode to Peace, 137. Reciprocal Kindness, 197. Extracts from, 177, 248, 311, 410, 414. CRABBE, REV. GEORGE, a very original English poet; b. 1754, d. 1832. His descriptions of life among the poor are severely true. Practical Charity, by, 257 CRAVEN, a coward; from to crave, because supposed to crave his life. CREASY, E. S., on Demosthenes, 343. CROLY, REV. GEORGE, a poet of great elegance and power of diction, born in Ireland about 1790. Extract from, 283. CROMWELL, OLIVER, one of the greatest characters in English history; born 1599, died 1658. Being elected to Parliament, he attached himself to the Puritans, became one of the principal leaders against King Charles I., and joined in bringing that monarch to the block. As a military leader, he obtained important victories, which placed him at the suminit of power, so that he dissolved the Long Parliament (see p. 283), and, in 1653, assumed the supreme authority in England, under the title of Lord Protector. At one period of his life he was on the point of emigrating to Massachusetts. CRUCIFIX (from the Lat. cruci, to a cross, and fixi, I have fixed), a cross on which the body of Christ is fixed in eiligy. CUMBER, perplexity, distress. CUMBERLAND, RICHARD, a miscellaneous writer, b. in England 1732, d. 1811. Affectation, by, 144. CURFEW (from the French couvre-feu, cover fire), a bell anciently rung at eight o'clock in the evening, when people were obliged to extinguish their fires and lights; accidents from fire being then very frequent and fatal, as houses were built mostly of wood. King Alfred once ordained that, at the ringing of the Curfew, or Cover-fire, Bell, all the inhabitants of Oxford should cover up their fires and go to bed. "The curfew tolls the knell of parting day." See p. 272. There is no good authority for the punctuation which would here make tolls an intransitive verb. CURSES. The proverb (p. 64) simply means that the heart that can give vent to a curse against another is cursing itself most, by giving strength and development to evil and malignant feelings. CU'RULE (from the Lat. currus, a chariot). The curule chair, among the Romans, was a stool without a back, conveyed in a chariot, and used by public officers. CYCLE, a circle; in chronology, a periodical space of time. CYLINDER, a long, circular body, of uniform diameter. Adj., cylindrical. DAFFODILS (Gr. asphodelos), a species of Narcissus, with beautiful flowers of a deep yellow hue. It flowers in April or May. Some of the more hardy species grow wild. The Daffodils, a poem, 70. DAGUERREOTYPE (da-ger'ro-type), so called from M. Daguerre (dah-ghair'), a French artist, who gave publicity to his invention in 1839. An apparatus somewhat similar to his was contrived about the same time by M. Niepci, also a Frenchman, with whom the honor should be partially shared. See p. 379. DAHLIA, a well-known plant, which receives its name from Dahl. a Swedish botanist. DANTE (Dan-te), the sublimest of the Italian poets, was born at Florence, 1265; died 1321. DARLING, GRACE, an heroic girl, daughter of the keeper of the North Sunderland lighthouse, on the coast of England. A steam-vessel having been wrecked in 1838 on the rocks known as the Great Harkars, Grace, who was then twenty-two years old, persuaded her father to go with her to the rescue of the crew in an open boat. There was a raging sea; but they went, and saved nine persons, who otherwise would have perished. Grace died a few years after this event. See Wordsworth's poem on her, p. 201. DAUPHIN formerly the title of the eldest son of the King of France. The editions of the classics which were made for the use of the dauphin are entitled in usum delphini. DAVY, SIR HUMPHREY, an eminent chemist, b. in England 1778, d. 1829. He was an agreeable writer and poet. 317. DEATH, Thoughts on, 309, 318. DECEMBER, the twelfth month of our year, from the Latin decem, ten, because in the Roman year it constituted the tenth month, the year beginning with March. DEFLECT, to turn aside, deviate. DEGERANDO, a French writer, author of an excellent work on self-education. He died in 1842. He was a distinguished member of the French Institute. The Mind its own Educator, 322. DEIST, one who believes in the existence of God, but not in revealed religion. DEMOSTHENES, Character of, 243. Democracy of Athens, 266. DEMURE (from the French des mœurs, of good manners), sober, downcast. D3 QUINCEY, THOMAS, a powerful but eccentric writer, born in England about 1790. The account of Joan of Arc (p. 259) is chiefly taken from his masterly review of Michelet's (Meesh-la's) narra tive in his History of France. DERIVATIVE (from the Lat. de, from, and rivus, a small stream), flowing or proceeding from. A derivative word is one which takes its origin in another word. DER'VIS, a Persian word, meaning poor; in Mahom'etan countries, a religious person leading an austere life. DERZHA'VIN, GABRIEL, a Russian poet and statesman, born 1743, died 1819. His Ode to the Deity (see p. 153), as we learn from the translator, Dr. Bowring, has been translated into Japanese, by order of the emperor, and is hung up, embroidered with gold, in the Temple of Jeddo. It has also been translated into the Chinese and Tartar languages, written on a piece of rich silk, and suspended in the imperial palace at Pekin'. DUM, the accusative case of the Latin word Deus, God. "Te Deum" are the first words of a celebrated Latin hymn, begin ning "Te Deum laudamus," We praise thee, O God. DEWEY, REV. ORVILLE. On Death, 318. DIALOGCE (from the Gr. dia, and legein, to discourse together), a conversation be. tween two or more persons. The following are dialogues: Adam and Orlando, 319. A Sister Pleads for a Brother, 320. Wolsey and Cromwell, 421. DIAMETER, from the Gr. dia, through, and metros, measure; a straight line passing through the centre of a circle, and dividing it into two equal parts. DIAMOND, the most valuable of gems. The word is pronounced either in three syllables (di'-a-mond) or in two (di'mond). DIAPASON (Gr. dia, through, and päsön, all), in music, the octave or interval which includes all the tones. By a bold metaphor, Dryden has beautifully availed himself of this expression in his Ode, p. 416. DICKENS, CHARLES, a popular English author, born in Portsmouth, 1812. The World of Waters, 206. The Wind and Rain, 208. Alfred the Great, 244. DILEMMA (Gr.), a puzzling situation, where each alternative is bad. MOGENES (Di-ōj'e-nēs), surnamed the Cynic, was a philosopher of ancient Greece; porn 414 B. C. He is said to have had an interview with Alexander the Great at Corinth, at which, on the king's asking him if he could oblige him in any way, the Cynic replied, "Yes, you can stand out of the sunshine." The Cynics were so called from the Greek word kunikos, dog-like, because of their morose, snarling mode of speech. DIPLOMA (from the Gr. diploë, I fold up), a document, signed and sealed, conferring some privilege, right or honor. Thus a letter or writing of an university, conferring a degree, is called a diploma. DIPHTHONGS. See p. 16. DISC, or DISK (from the Gr. diskos, a round plate, a quoit; diskos being derived from dikein, to throw, whence its application to the form of the thing thrown. The word dish has a similar derivation). Disk, in astronomy, means the face of the sun and moon, as they appear to observers on the earth. covered" the circulation of the blood; but DOGMA, an opinion; that which seems true DOUBLOON, a Spanish coin of the value of DRAGOON', to force to submit. DRAMA (drama, or dram-a). This word is DRAWING-ROOM, a room to which the com- Futurity, by, 113. Ode on Cecilia's Day, 416. Inconvenient Ignorance, 181. EAGLE. The figure of an eagle was the EARLY RISING, Thoughts on, 225. ECHO (Gr.), the return or reverberation of a ECLAT (èk-kla', the a as in father), a burst- ECLIPTIC, the sun's path in the heavens. It ECONOMY (Gr. oikos, a house, and nămōs, a EDUCATION. This important word is traced Thoughts on, 184, 322. confound this contraction with Ere, which see. ELECTRICITY (Gr. elektron, amber), the Electric Telegraph, The, 378. Elegy in a Country Church-yard, 272. ELIZABETH, Queen of England, was the ELLIOTT, EBENEZER, sometimes called the Woman's Mission, by, 359. ELLIPTICAL, having the form of an ellipse. Eloquence of Statesmen, 266. Moral and Religious Eloquence, 313. EMERALD, a mineral of a beautiful green EMERSON, R. W., The Snow-storm, 433. ENCYCLOPEDIA (from the Gr. en, in, kyclos, ENDICOTT, JOHN, governor of the colony of ENGHIEN, Duc d' (Duke D'ang-ghe-ang'; |