sarconosi, places them among the sarconotic diseases, and there assigns them their place among the anatomico-pathological forms.

Among swine there are examples of the death of such entozoi, of their dissolution, and the absorption of their cysts, and the final cure of the disease. No such occurrence has yet been witnessed or accomplished in man. Hence it remains for the art, by the help of analogy, to obtain their eradicative cure; and, in the meanwhile, endeavour to alleviate the symptoms, and oppose their injurious effects."

7th. Morbid habits of body. By a morbid habit of the body is understood that combination of symptoms which produces a general effect upon the whole frame, and is characterised by the general diseased appearance of the whole man. The following states belonging to this category are brought under review: turgescence, languor, cachexia, tabes, marasmus, caccochimia,-a good habit of body to appearance, with signs of the operation of particular or general morbific causes.

These are never primary but always secondary affections. But concerning them we must be silent.

8th. Organic vices succeed, which may be either acquired or original; and may be divided with a reference to their effects as being-1st, merely deformative, interfering with the natural appearance without producing any other annoyance; 2d, as morbiferent, acting as causes producing or aggravating disease; and 3d, as mortiferous, by impeding the exercise of some important function, and so producing death. As to the nature of these affections it may be considered as they influence the size, harmony, continuity, form, colour, appearance, and structure of the part, which is done accordingly, at length in the volume.

CHAPTER VI. The sixth chapter is entitled the concurrence of causes in producing diseases; and here we have room for little more than cataloguing the causes enumerated by the author, displaying in striking terms how minutely and comprehensively he has gone to work.

1. Producing causes, according to the part they play in inducing disease, may be classed as follows: disposing causes, occasional, efficient, accessory, and concurrent ; in all five.

11. Natural causes may be arranged under seven heads: 1st, the natural anatomical structure of the parts, as of the brain in apoplexy, and the lungs in phthisis; 2d, peculiar physiological idiosyncrasy, in reference to the peculiar mode in which a morbific agent or a remedy may act in certain persons; 3d, age; 4th, sex; 5th, temperament; 6th, hereditary predisposition; and 7th, habitude, by which nature is much influenced-a second nature. The first six of these can be only disposing causes; the last, besides being disposing, may also be preparatory, and, in other cases, occasional; because it may render a man liable to disease to which he was not naturally disposed, or may slowly prepare him for an attack to which he was not otherwise inclined. The efficient cause, it should be remarked, is often found among those regarded as constitutional or habitual, because it receives its character from the habits of the patient; and, in fact, has no other cause than his habitual neglect and disregard of the rules of health. The power of art is naturally limited in these constitutional disorders.

III. Non-natural causes are then enumerated; and

IV. Unnatural causes, so called, because, by their peculiar influence, they predominate over the natural and non-natural causes. Four of these are enumerated epidemics, endemics, contagions, and poisons.

v. Radical causes. Some diseases possess two constant etiological characters; the former, that they never originate as effects or transmutations from other diseases, each having its own proper cause, natural, nonnatural, unnatural, and often unknown; the latter, that they always act as causes-disposing, occasional, efficient, concurrent, &c. From this it follows that, etiologically, diseases may be divided into two classes; in other words they originate, on the one hand, as radical primary diseases; or, on the other, originate as secondary, resulting from the foregoing, and following them in their origin, condition, and issue. These radical diseases of M. Lanza amount in number to twenty-two, and may be divided into three categories: 1st, vitiating radical diseases; 2d, excreting radical diseases; and 3d, virulent radical diseases. In the first category are included, 1, habitual catarrh; 2, colonosi, bilious disorders; 3, habitual plethora; 4, idioneuronosi, nervous diseases; 5, helmintosi, worms; 6, hemorrhoids; 7, uric lithiasis, gravelly complaints; 8, gout; 9, the sequelæ of periodic disorders. In the second category are ar ranged the primary excretory diseases: thus, 10, herpes; 11, scaldhead ; 12, chilblains; 13, the sequelae of acute contagious diseases, and 14 suppressed secretion of milk. The third category consists of the virulent radical diseases, and contains, 15, tinea; 16, rickets; 17, scrofula; 18, scurvy; 19, syphilis; 20, scabies; 21, leprosy; 22, sarconotic tendency. The author conceives that the greatest service he has rendered to positive medicine, is that he has created an etiological science for these twenty-two radical diseases. He maintains, moreover, that unless due attention be paid to them, the curative art can never render the principles of the indications which are directed against the causes certain.

VI. Injuring causes. Finally, we have to add that injuring causes are introduced, and are divided into external and internal. The external injure mechanically and chemically. The internal are impurities, morbid products, &c., which generate within the body, injure the parts where they collect, and vitiate it either mechanically or chemically. Among the mechanical effects are to be placed all those mechanical lesions which were enumerated in the preceding chapter, (the fifth) and considered as causes of the secondary diseases originating from the mechanical disturbance, distension, and pressure they occasion. The chemical, again, consist in the materials retained, collected, stagnant, absorbed from one quarter, and elsewhere deposited. Such are 1st, blood, inclosed in aneurisms, collected in ecchymosis, and effused in cavities, so as to be removed from the influence of vitality; 2d, the secondary fluids when they become stagnant in their canals, and especially if they have been previously altered by serious disease,--as vitiated bile, dysenteric fluid, and, beyond all others, urine when long retained; 3d, matters absolutely morbid, as the fluid of dropsy, pus collected in abscesses, or effused, as in empyema, the sanies of cancer, and all other degenerating sores, &c. &c.; 4th, worms, wherever they make their appearance, indurated fæces, &c. &c.

The curative art, in treating external causes belonging to this section, must adapt particular means to particular cases. In internal causes a primary indication is to oppose by every means the morbid product, and, if possible, to remove the morbific cause; a palliative indication is to alleviate the symptoms, and the secondary effects produced by these offending causes.

CHAPTER VII, On the tolerance and conference of the remedies employed, must, for the sake of brevity, be omitted, and we must draw our analysis to a close by a short account of the succeeding one.

CHAPTER VIII. The distribution of diseases, into classes, or, in other words, the nosological arrangement of our author. Two questions are first of all put. First, whether the nosologies of Sauvages, Sagaro, Pinel, Vogel, Cullen, Frank, and many more, afford a natural arrangement? This is answered in the negative, And secondly, whether they are practically useful? and here the finding is, that, though studied by scientific men, they are disregarded by practical ones.

Professor Lanza submits the results of his labours as a small contribution towards the natural distribution of diseases; and first separates the twenty-two radical complaints, which we have previously had occasion to enumerate, from the others which are more or less to be regarded as secondary. In establishing these secondary diseases, having no wish to pervert Nature, or interpret her doings where indications are insufficient, he has always preferred and followed what is useful, and associated those diseases which have so much of what is common in them, that the art actually assigns to them an analogous treatment and cure.

FIRST CLASS. Radical diseases. In this class is included diseases differing in appearances, course, form, and cause; but agreeing in this, that each has a peculiar and primary cause which may be the root of every other disease, and present an obstacle to every mode of cure; on this account they are named radical, as controlling the curative art.

THE SECOND CLASS consists of acute inflammatory diseases. These diseases have a common course and anatomico-pathological form, consisting of inflammation concentrated in some part. They are made to precede rather than follow fevers, because they throw much light on the diagnosis of these latter.

THIRD CLASS. The acute continued fevers have also a common course. Their anatomico-pathological form, as revealed by pathological anatomy, consists in inflammation, which may pervade any of the tissues of the frame.

FOURTH CLASS. Periodic endemic fevers. These exhibit such a singularity in their course, and owe their origin to a cause so peculiar, that however much they may resemble the continued fevers in their anatomicopathological characters, yet requiring particular curative indications, they have been placed in a distinct class.

FIFTH CLASS. Transitory contagious diseases have an acute course, and an inflammatory anatomico-pathological form, quite agreeing with that of inflammatory diseases and continued fevers. The whole of them have not their seat in the skin, and hence the name of exanthemata is not bestowed upon them. Other complaints having an analogous cause

are brought under the same head. The cause of them all is a contagion peculiar to each, but common in respect of its transitory effect, which commonness throws much light upon their treatment.

SIXTH CLASS. The sarconosi. Under this class the subjects both of growth and wastings are included; nor can these, henceforward, ever with propriety be dissociated. How could fitozoid productions be handed over to the surgeon, whilst tubercles, so essential a part of the history of phthisis, be retained in medical nosology. That which is common in the appearance, course, form, and cause of these complaints is so marked that they must occupy a single class.

SEVENTH CLASS. The angionosi comprehend those diseases which exhibit, as a marked symptom, functional disorder of the heart and bloodvessels. Hence the class includes the anatomico-pathological affections of the heart and blood-vessels, hemorrhages, dropsies, effusions, and morbid collections. The present state of the science requires that these diseases should be united in the same way as if they actually had been so. EIGHTH CLASS. That of neuronosi comprehends those diseases which exhibit well-marked symptoms of altered function of the nerves. It is of importance to distinguish these with the degree of accuracy that is necessary to guide us in the art of curing them.

NINTH CLASS. Diseases peculiar to women. This class comprehends those complaints which, appearing to have their efficient causes in the sex, are natural to them. Among these are hysteria, chlorosis, diseases connected with the catamenia, the puerperal state, suckling, &c. The ordinary complaints which attack women in common with the other sex, and sometimes preferably are, of course, excluded.

This class includes

TENTH CLASS. Diseases peculiar to children. those diseases only which have their efficient and natural cause in the age of the patient. All complaints, therefore, are to be excluded which attack them in common with adults, and sometimes it may be in preference. The ratio medendi is by this arrangement much elucidated, and great advantage, as in the case of female complaints, accrues from considering that which is common in their respective categories.

This constitutes the whole of Professor Lanza's nosology; and under this arrangement he treats of all the diseases to which man is heir. Very different is it from any previously proposed, and on its real merits it is not easy to decide until the details are reviewed and scrutinized.

The six remaining chapters of this book treat, in a general way, of the distinction of remedies, the diagnosis of disease, the prognosis, the cure generally, the methods by which the cure is to be promoted, and lastly, the method in which positive medicine is to be advanced. With a few sentences upon this last important topic we must bring the survey of the whole chapter to a close.

According to the Professor, the chief obstacles which impede the advance of experimental medicine are the three following: First, the extreme variety which prevails in different countries, provinces, and cities, in the municipal customs, plans of cure, popular remedies, and medical usages, generally, whereby all common grounds of comparison are wanting. Secondly, there is the monster abuse of polypharmacy, on which nothing need be said, the injury it has caused alike to humanity and the art being

notorious. Thirdly, there is the number of compound remedies still in vogue, a clear relic of barbarism, which should long, ere this time, have been banished from amongst us. Leaving all this behind, positive medicine must commence anew to determine the true physiological and pathological power of remedies, and in order to do so must proceed in the following manner:

1st. We must ascertain the real effects of remedies on the healthy frame. Such experiments, however, must not be executed after the fashion of the rationalists, or of M. Hahnemann, by employing the most powerful and extraordinary remedies, and in doses which prove irritating, and almost poisonous. On the contrary, we must employ remedies of medium power, common, ordinary, and perfectly well known; and we must adapt their doses to the display of their true normal effect, whence we shall be able to appreciate their virtue and efficiency on the physiological state of the patient.

2d. Having determined the physiological power of ordinary remedies, we must then use them in the most simple manner, and solely in the cure of those common diseases with whose nature we are best acquainted. It is thus alone that we can become familiar with the physiological and pathological power of a number of common remedies in common diseases. 3d. Step by step, from the knowledge of the ordinary powers of common remedies, we must subsequently proceed to that of the more powerful remedies in rarer diseases; holding it clear that our advance will be more sure and certain, in proportion as such a mode of experimenting becomes more common and familiar.

We have no doubt, adds the enthusiastic Professor, that medicine will have such a progress; and, in order the more rapidly to advance it, he should like to see the arduous labour undertaken by a society of enlightened men collected in one of the great capitals of Europe which, a centre of scientific intercourse, had correspondents throughout the world. The united efforts of such a union might succeed in greatly expediting the removal of the three great obstacles to the advance of the healing art upon which we have previously dwelt, not less than promote its progress by accomplishing the three most desirable objects we have just enumerated.

Thus have we presented our readers with an analysis of the earlier portion of our author's volumes, full as our space admits, and the manifest merits of the work demand. It includes the whole of the author's exposition of his general doctrine, which must have cost him an amount of careful consideration to which, we doubt not, he attaches a high value. But although the most original and novel part of the work, it does not, therefore, follow it will prove the most popular or pleasing; on the contrary, it may be quite the reverse. The dealing with general principles and abstractions, however imperatively necessary and important, suits not every taste. Our object, however, has not been so much merely to please, as within a moderate space to convey distinct ideas of the peculiar character of this portion of his labours, the exposition of which, we trust, will prove both interesting and useful.

The concluding part of the first volume and the whole of the second are occupied, as the remaining ones will be, with the application of the