the intellectual and moral faculties. We need not say that this view is most completely accordant with that which we have repeatedly urged; and it gives us the greatest pleasure to find it so well enunciated in a college whose conservative tendencies might be supposed to make it look with a suspicious eye upon any show of a disposition to undervalue the pursuits of literature, or to substitute for the poetic contemplation of the past the practical claims of the present and the anticipated results of the future. That before science could be said to have an existence, and when all philosophy was to be found in the writings of the ancients, literature should be the chosen means of developing the higher powers of the intellect, is not surprising; but that those who regulate the higher educational establishments of our country should still maintain so firm an adhesion to the wisdom of their ancestors, and should keep their eyes closed to the benefits which can be proved to result from an alteration of that system, speaks forcibly, we venture to think, as to their unfitness for the responsible trust of which they hold such firm possession.

3. The title of Mr. Paget's Lecture, whilst it truly indicates the principal subject of his address, does not convey an idea of the elevated manner in which that subject is treated; and we cannot deny ourselves the pleasure of quoting one or two passages which will show the high tone of feeling that he labours, and we hope not unsuccessfully, to excite in his pupils. After speaking of the peculiar demand for the energetic and persevering use of our best faculties which the study of medicine involves, he thus continues:

"Yield to the demand, and give them. For there is not in this world a nobler spectacle than that of a rational being devoting himself, with patient, earnest perseverance, to the cultivation of his powers, that they may be employed in the discharge of duty Knowing that a force within him is capable of unlimited expansion, and confessing in his inmost consciousness, that its development and its exercise are duties of strongest obligation, he pauses not to ask whether outward reward will crown his work or not; much less, with scrupulous calculation, does he count the cost and gain. But, because he knows that the powers and opportunities he has received were given him for use, he resolves that not one of them shall run waste or wild: for him, to be indolent, were to be unthankful. And so, in toil, yet not in weariness, he pursues his way; sowing seed, of which he reckons not whether he shall reap the fruit; content, because he is in the path of duty; blest, if only he may see or think that he ministers to the welfare of his fellowmen. (p. 11.)

But the labour of acquisition, if rightly directed, is in itself a pleasure, as Mr. Paget eloquently urges. After pointing to the movements of animals as signs of the pleasure of energy, he continues :

66

Now, there is an exact analogy here between the mental and the bodily faculties. In health, every exercise of the mind, provided it be voluntary and natural, is a true source of pleasure. And, therefore, we should count it as a privilege, that the pleasures of intellectual activity are offered to us in all their various forms in the study of our science; for therein, we may always have the calm and abiding satisfaction which attends the gradual acquirement of knowledge; and, not seldom, that intenser pleasure which is perceived when difficulties, long striven against, are overcome; and sometimes, if we carry our researches beyond the limit of that which is already known, we may enjoy the same excitement and expectation as others pursue in more perilous adventure; and, then, we may attain the thrills of delight which accompany the first perception, and the slow unfolding, and, at last, the clear and perfect view, of some new truth or principle. And all these pleasures we may enjoy as long as we continue our study; for the

science is inexhaustible, and the pleasure becomes more intense in the same proportion as the faculties that are exercised are higher, and as the mind is more guided and illustrated by knowledge." (pp. 16-7.)

The responsibilities of the practitioner are equally well set forth in the pages immediately preceding that last quoted from. We greatly regret that we can find room for only a portion of the beautiful passage:

"We sometimes see the beam of life and death so nearly balanced, that it turns this way or that, according to the more or less of skill that can be cast into the scale of life. And surely, if we could gather into thought all the issues that are involved in the life or death of any man, the anxiety of ignorance at such a time should be intolerable. For at all such times, the issues and the responsibilities are manifold; it is not alone the fate of the sufferer (though in that, indeed, may be the most fearful consequence of all), but, as each of us must have felt in some instance very near to his own heart, those that stand around have all their various griefs and fears, their hopes, yet sad forebodings. And now, all is permitted to depend upon the skill of one. Conceive that one yourself: what would be your remorse, if, when in their confusion and distress they look to you, you feel helpless as themselves, utterly unworthy of the confidence with which they still lean on you; your hand paralysed by the fear of ignorance, your mind confused in that half-knowledge, whose glimmerings only show that more skill might save the dying man! Yet this must be the remorse of every one who will neglect the study of his profession, and yet dare to undertake its responsibilities." (pp. 13-4.) "Do not imagine that your responsibilities will be limited to the events of life or death. As you visit the wards of this Hospital, mark some of the hardly less portentous questions which, before a few years are past, you may be permitted to determine. In one, you will find it a doubt whether the remainder of the patient's life is to be spent in misery, or in ease and comfort; in another, whether he, and those who depend upon his labours, are to live in hopeless destitution, or in comparative abundance. One who used to help his fellow-men, finds ground to fear that he may be a heavy burthen on their charity. Another counts the days of sickness, not more by pain and weariness, than by the sufferings and confusion of those who are left at home without a guide, and, it may be, starving. Oh! gentlemen, I can imagine no boldness greater than this would be, who would neglect the study of his profession, and yet venture on the charge of interests like these; and I can imagine no ambition more honorable, no envy so praiseworthy, as that which strives to emulate the acquirements of those who are daily occupied in giving safe guidance through the perilous passages of disease, and who, in all these various difficulties and dangers, can act with the energy and calmness that are the just property of knowledge." (pp. 14-5.)

ART. VII.-A Manual of Materia Medica and Therapeutics, including the preparations of the Pharmacopoeias of London, Edinburgh, and Dublin, with many new Medicines. By J. FORBES ROYLE, M.D. F.R.S., Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics, King's College, London. With ninety-eight woodcuts.-London, 1847. 8vo, pp. 716.

THIS is another member of that beautiful and cheap series of Manuals published by Mr. Churchill for the benefit of the student and general practitioner. In the execution of the woodcuts, particularly of the plants, flowers, and fruits, Mr. Bagg seems almost to have exceeded his former doings, while the paper-maker and printer have performed their parts with equal credit. In regard to the yet more essential constituent, the literary portion of the work, no one who is acquainted with the former productions of Dr. Royle will doubt that the author has discharged his duties with the same skill as the artist. The work is, indeed, a most valuable

one, and will fill up an important gap that existed between Dr. Pereira's most learned and complete system of materia medica, and the class of productions at the other extreme, which are necessarily imperfect from their small extent. Such a work as this does not admit of analysis and scarcely of detailed critical examination. It would, however, be injustice to the learned author not to state that, in addition to what former works on the subject necessarily contained, the reader will find here not a little that is either original, or introduced for the first time, more especially in the details of botany and natural history, and in what may be termed the archæology of drugs.

ART. VIII.-Principles of Human Physiology, with their chief applications to Pathology, Hygiene, and Forensic Medicine. By W. B. CARPENTER, M.D. F.R.S., Fullerian Professor of Physiology to the Royal Institution of Great Britain. Third Edition, with two copper-plates and 175 woodcuts.-London, 1846. 8vo, pp. 776.

As twice before, on the publication of the first and second editions, we had occasion to notice this incomparable work, we shall at this time content ourselves with simply calling the attention of our readers to the new edition, and stating, in a few words, some of the more important additions we have observed in turning over its well-filled pages. We may say generally of this as of the other works of Dr. Carpenter, that the reader may safely trust to the author's industry and quick-sightedness for supplying him with every novelty relating to his subject up to the day of publication. Nothing escapes his observation and his grasp, and few things are unimproved by his handling-nihil tetigit quod non ornavit. In so vast a collection of facts, in such a voluminous code of doctrines, it would be difficult, had we both space and time at command, to give even an outline of the numerous and important improvements, both in the way of additions and alterations introduced into the present edition. The following are some of the novelties (not a few of which are either wholly or in part original) that attracted our notice in comparing the new volume with the old. We put them down in the order of the pages, and we have to apologise both to the author and the reader for the dry index-like form in which we present them:

Application of the simple phenomena of cell-growth in the lowest plants to an explanation of similar process in animals. (pp. 87-9).

Clearer view of the two elements of human hair obtained by comparative inquiries into the structure of hair in other animals. (p. 121.)

Additional light thrown on the structure of bone by the author's investigations on shells, &c., of invertebrata, which show that a skeleton may be formed by the calcification of fibres or of cells, both of which modes are employed in the production of bone. (p. 141 et seq.)

Mr. Quekett's observations on differences in size and form of osseous lacunæ characteristic of different groups of animals. (p. 143.) Von Bibra's analyses of bone. (p. 146.)

Dr. Sharpey's researches on the development of bone in membrane by calcification of the fibre, confirmed by the author. (p. 147.)

Professor Owen's researches into the early development of tooth structures. (pp, 157-61.)

Ultimate structure of muscular fibre. (p. 176.)

Clear distinction of the animal functions as destructive in their exercise, and of the vegetative, as reparative and preservative (Liebig had announced this as true only of muscular action). (pp. 201-2.)

Improvements in the arrangement of the subjects in the chapter on the nervous system. Fuller consideration of sensory ganglia and actions of nerves connected with them.

General sketch of the mental powers. (pp. 371-2.)

Fuller consideration of muscular tonicity. (p. 446.)

Various recent researches on digestion, showing the destination of different articles of aliment more clearly. (pp. 510-11.)

Fuller consideration of the process of sanguification. Chap. XI.

Improved mode of viewing the character of the spleen and other vascular glands. (pp. 520-27.)

Chemical novelties regarding the constitution of the blood and process of respiration.

Goodsir's researches on secretion. (p. 633.)

In conclusion, we can only reiterate our former high appreciation of this work and recommend it in the most earnest manner to every student and lover of the highest and most interesting department of medical science.

ART. IX.-A Manual of the Principles and Practices of Ophthalmic Medicine and Surgery. By T. WHARTON JONES, F.R.S., Lecturer on Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology, at the Charing-cross Hospital, &c. With four copper-plates, coloured, and ninety woodcuts.-London, 1847. 8vo, pp. 570.

THE object of the author in writing this book, and its general character, are so concisely set forth in the preface that we cannot do better than transcribe a portion of it.

To produce a work on diseases of the eye which should serve at once as a textbook for students, and a book of reference for practitioners, has been the great aim of the author in composing this Manual. Accordingly, besides carefully discussing the principles, he has laboured to give such practical exposition of the subjects as will be found available at the bedside of the patient, and in the operating-room. At the same time, he has not neglected the opportunity which the subject offers, of illustrating the general doctrines of pathology, especially those of inflammation. The author thinks it proper to mention, that

he has incorporated in the present volume the various contributions to ophthalmic medicine and surgery, some anonymously, in the course of the last fifteen years, and also that he has freely availed himself of the information contained in the principal works, British and Foreign, on the subject."

We are confident that the reader will find, on perusal, that the execution of the work amply fulfils the promise of the preface, and sustains in every point the already high reputation of the author as an ophthalmic surgeon as well as a physiologist and pathologist. The book is evidently the result of much labour and research, and has been written with the greatest care and attention; it possesses that best quality which a general work, like a system, or manual can show-viz., the quality of having all the materials whencesoever derived, so thoroughly wrought up and digested in the author's mind as to come forth with the freshness

and impressiveness of an original production. We regret that we have received the book at so late a period as precludes our giving more than a mere notice of it, as although essentially and necessary a compilation, it contains many things which we should be glad to reproduce in our pages, whether in the shape of new pathological views, of old errors corrected, or of sound principles of practice in doubtful cases clearly laid down. But we dare say most of our readers will shortly have an opportunity of seeing these in their original locality, as we entertain little doubt that this book will become what its author hoped it might become, a manual for daily reference and consultation by the student and the general practitioner. The work is marked by that correctness, clearness, and precision of style which distinguish all the productions of the learned author.

ART. X.-On the Correlation of Physical Forces: being the substance of a Course of Lectures delivered in the London Institution in the year 1843. By W. R. GROVE, Esq., M.A. F.R.S., Barrister at Law. Published at the request of the Proprietors of the London Institution.-London, 1846. Royal 8vo, pp. 52.

THIS pamphlet gives formal expression to a view which has long been gaining ground amongst philosophers in this and other countries, that we must discard altogether the old notion of "imponderable forms of matter," as a clumsy hypothesis invented to elude a difficulty which could not be solved in an earlier condition of scientific inquiry; and that we are to consider light, heat, electricity, magnetism, and chemical affinity, as affections of ordinary forms of matter, or manifestations of their properties. And further, that these agencies are all correlative; that is, they possess such a reciprocal dependence, that either of them may, as a force, produce or be convertible into another. We cannot here stop to investigate the principal arguments upon which Mr. Grove bases this conclusion; but we may state that they appear to us to be entirely satisfactory, and that we cannot refer to any brief exposition of the question which gives so lucid and complete a view of it as that which is contained in the pamphlet before

us.

Since its publication, (as many of our readers are doubtless aware,) a discovery has been announced by Mr. Grove himself, which goes very much to strengthen his argument; namely, that heat, like electricity, has the power of decomposing water, as well as of causing the union of its elements, according to the mode in which it is applied. For if a pure platinum wire, immersed in water, be kept at the highest temperature at which it can be maintained, short of fusion, the surrounding liquid will be resolved into its constituent gases, just as when a galvanic current is passed throngh it. And yet at a temperature a very little lower, the very same heated wire would cause the reunion of the two gases which it has separated, in the same manner as they may be made to combine by transmitting an electric spark through the mixture.

On one point Mr. Grove has gone beyond other philosophers who have taken up the same line of speculative reasoning; for he has included motion among the agencies which are thus correlated. At first sight it might appear to be altogether removed from them; but he gives some very ingenious arguments, founded upon the phenomena of friction, to the effect that motion, if checked, produces heat; whilst, as is well known, heat pro