became connected with the idea; she thought of him when absent, expected his return (even showing a power of measuring time when she had no memory for anything else), and manifested discomfort if he did not make his appearance. Here we see the true emotion, namely, the association of pleasure with the idea; and the manner in which the desire would spring out of it. The desire, in her then condition, would be inoperative in causing voluntary movement for its gratification; simply because there was no intellect for it to act upon. Her mental powers, however, were gradually returning. She took greater heed of the objects by which she was surrounded; and on one occasion, seeing her mother in a state of excessive agitation and grief, she became excited herself, and in the emotional excitement of the moment suddenly ejaculated, with some hesitation, "What's the matter?" From this time she began to articulate a few words; but she neither called persons nor things by their right names. The pronoun "this" was her favorite word; and it was applied alike to every individual object, animate and inanimate. The first objects which she called by their right names were wild flowers, for which she had shown quite a passion when a child; and it is remarkable that her interest in these and her recollection of their names should have manifested itself at a time when she exhibited not the least recollection of the "old familiar friends and places" of her childhood. As her intellect gradually expanded, and her ideas became more numerous and definite, they manifested themselves chiefly in the form of emotions; that is, the chief indications of them were through the signs of pleasure and pain. The last were frequently exhibited, in the attacks of insensibility and spasmodic rigidity, which came on at the slightest alarm. It is worth remarking that these attacks, throughout this remarkable period, were apt to recur three or four times a day, when her eyes had been long directed intently upon her work; which affords another proof how closely the emotional cause of them must have been akin to the influence of sensory impressions, the effects of the two being precisely the same. On one occasion, being alarmed by a stranger, she had quite an hysterical paroxysm, followed by insensibility; and in consequence she lost her speech, taste, and smell (which she had been gradually recovering) for some days afterwards. The mere sight of the same person again (evidently calling up the first disagreeable impression) was followed by a scream and excessive agitation.

The mode of recovery of this patient was quite as remarkable as anything in her history. Her health and bodily strength seemed completely re-established, her vocabulary was being extended, and her mental capacity was improving, when she became aware that her lover was paying attention to another woman. This idea immediately and very naturally excited the emotion of jealousy; which, if we analyse it, will appear to be nothing else than a painful feeling connected with the idea of the faithlessness of the object beloved. On one occasion this feeling was so strongly excited, that she fell down in a fit of insensibility, which resembled her first attack in duration and severity. This, however, proved sanatory.

"When the insensibility passed off, she was no longer spell-bound. The veil of oblivion was withdrawn; and, as if awaking from a sleep of twelve months' duration, she found herself surrounded by her grandfather, grandmother, and their familiar friends and acquaintances, in the old house at Shoreham. She awoke in the possession of her natural faculties and former knowledge; but without the slightest remembrance of anything which had taken place in the interval

from the invasion of the first fit up to the present time. She spoke, but she heard not; she was still deaf, but as she could read and write as formerly, she was no longer cut off from communication with others."

From this time she rapidly improved, but for some time continued deaf. She soon perfectly understood by the motion of the lips what her mother said; they conversed with facility and quickness together, but she did not understand the language of the lips of a stranger. She was completely unaware of the change in her lover's affections which had taken place in her state of second consciousness; and a painful explanation was necessary. This, however, she bore very well, and has since recovered her previous bodily and mental health. We commend the attentive study of this interesting case (of which we have only given the leading features) to our readers, as illustrating the condition of a human being completely destitute as it would seem of cerebral power, and having only two sources of sensorial change, but these two in active operation, and serving as the direct stimuli to consensual movements, having associated with them also the simple feelings of pleasure and pain. As her power of forming ideas returned, pleasure and pain were associated with these ideas, constituting emotions; and as the higher powers of the intellect were not yet called into operation, these emotions were the dominant springs of her conduct, acting without the control of the reasoning processes, to which in the well-regulated mind they are subject, serving only as motives to them. Numerous cases might be alluded to, which present the same general features; but we know of none in which the details have been so carefully watched and recorded. Thus there is one mentioned by Dr. Rush, of a man who was so violently affected by some losses in trade that he was deprived almost instantly of all his mental faculties. He did not take any notice of anything, not even expressing a desire for food, but merely taking it when it was put into his mouth. A servant dressed him in the morning, and conducted him to a scat in his parlour, where he remained the whole day, with his body bent forward, and his eyes fixed on the floor. In this state he continued nearly five years, and then recovered completely and rather suddenly. There is also the well-known case of the sailor who was reduced to this condition by a fracture of the skull with depression; he remained in it for some time; and at last was immediately restored by the elevation of the depressed bone, which was effected by Mr. Cline. The Cretins of the first degree, also, are nearly in the same state. They spend their time in basking in the sun or in sitting by the fire (experiencing merely sensorial pleasure) without any traces of intelligence; and show no higher sensibility to the common wants of nature, than is evinced by their going when excited by hunger to places where they have been accustomed to receive their food. This, it will be observed, is a grade in the scale of intelligence somewhat above that exhibited in the cases already quoted. The condition of the Cretins of the second degree, who are more susceptible of education and can form simple ideas on the most common subjects, presents a remarkable parallelism with that of the young woman whose case we have been analysing, during the latter part of the time that preceded the second fit. And there is this further point of resemblance; that in this condition, the emotions and propensities, formed by the attaching of pleasure or pain to these ideas, are peculiarly strong, not being kept in check by any superior power.

We think it will be obvious to those who have followed us through our previous investigations, that phenomena of this kind afford very strong additional evidence in favour of our view of the functional distinctness of the sensory ganglia in man. The idiot mentioned by Dr. Rush, and the sailor on whom Mr. Cline operated, present all the psychical characters of M. Flourens' pigeon, from which the hemispheres had been removed. They were less alive to external objects, however, than the Cretins and Mr. Dunn's patient; in whom the sensory ganglia were evidently in a state of higher functional activity, and who obviously felt pleasure and pain in connexion with their sensations, these feelings manifesting themselves in the actions which they instinctively prompted. The formation of true emotions, as soon as ever ideas were generated with which feelings could be connected, is another point which seems to us to derive striking illustration from the phenomena we have adverted to. It is worth noticing in regard to the Cretins, that their various grades of idiocy correspond very closely to the successive stages of the development of the intellectual powers, which we find in the lower animals; and that the fact of the possession of full sensorial power with complete absence of intellectual, also harmonizes well with the fact that the sensory ganglia are fully developed, at a time when the cerebral hemispheres have scarcely made their appearance; so that their condition would seem to be one of pure arrest of development. We should not expect to find a complete absence of cerebrum in such cases; but we doubt not that an attentive examination would discover some imperfection, which suffices to prevent it from duly performing its functions.

We may seem to have wandered far from our original subject, in entering upon the preceding disquisition; but we have been desirous of laying the foundation for a new and more discriminating investigation of abnormal mental phenomena; and we have thought it best to commence with those cases in which the cerebral action is either suspended altogether, or is weak and inefficient, whilst the sensorial is unaffected. In most forms of imbecility, either congenital or acquired, this will be found, we believe, to be the general state. There does not seem to be an error of perception, so much as an inability to perceive, consequent upon deficiency of these powers of memory, comparison, &c., on which the formation of definite notions of external objects are dependent. This deficiency may not be complete, but may extend only to particular classes of objects; or it may not exist so far as external objects are concerned; being only manifested in the want of power to reason upon abstract ideas.

But there is also a certain class of imbeciles, in whom-to use the language of Hoffbauer-the intensity predominates over the extensity; that is, the mind is too much occupied with its own thoughts, and too little attentive to external objects. This is simply "absence of mind" carried to an excess, and constant instead of occasional; and the state appears to us to correspond closely with that of dreaming and some forms of somnambulism. The cerebrum is active, but feeds as it were upon its own thoughts; the sensory ganglia not being readily acted on by external impressions, nor easily communicating these to the intellect, which consequently remains isolated as it were from the external world, and cannot be brought en rapport with its condition.

We shall not enter at present into the analysis of the various forms of

insanity, which result from perversion of the regular functions of the sensory ganglia and cerebrum, but shall confine ourselves to one point, on which M. Moreau dwells at great length, and which is in fact the chief "argument" of his book; namely, that in cases of monomania the delusion, where it exists, is purely intellectual, and is not induced by the exaltation of the particular moral feeling or emotion with which it seems to be connected. Our readers are doubtless aware that much discussion has taken place upon this question; the prevalent idea having been of late, that the disordered moral state is usually the cause of the illusion. The views we have propounded on the nature of the moral feelings tend to harmonize these conflicting doctrines, and to show that both are true in a certain sense. For if we consider a moral feeling to be (as its name almost implies) a simple feeling of pleasure or pain connected with a particular class of ideas, we see that where any such emotion exists in an exaggerated degree, it must involve an undue predominance of a class of ideas, which will manifest itself in the whole intellectual state of the individual, and in the interpretation he will put upon the occurrences going on around him. Thus, when we say that the depressing emotions (as is a very common occurrence in these days of eager competition with those who have overtasked their mental powers) are unduly predominant, we mean that painful ideas fill the mind; the individual looks at the past, present, and future in a gloomy light; he is thus led to give every possible unfavorable interpretation to the actions of others, even his dearest friends being in league to injure him; in a further stage of the malady, the patient's notions of actual occurrences are distorted by the erroneous perceptions which result from his habitual tendency to misinterpretation; and if the condition be still more exaggerated, he comes to believe in the reality, not merely of his view of the feelings of others towards him (judging of them by a reasoning process, in which the influence of his disordered feeling is sufficiently apparent); nor only of his erroneous interpretation of occurrences which have actually taken place, but of which the unpleasant character is entirely due to his habitual train of thought; but also of supposed occurrences, which have never had even the remotest foundation in fact, and which are altogether the products of his own disordered imagination. Thus we see that the tendency to indulge in a certain class of ideas, which is in itself purely intellectual, and the feeling which, when connected with those ideas, gives them their emotional character, are usually both concerned in the formation of hallucinations; and if our view is correct, it will be necessary to modify in a considerable degree the definitions now in vogue. As an illustration of how completely the true propensities, as well as the proper emotions, are dependent upon the formation of ideas, we may adduce an anecdote of a man who was strongly affected with the destructive tendency; and when restrained from doing mischief, he would manifest the pleasure he felt in dwelling on the idea, in the continual use of the words "crush,' ," "smash," &c., which afforded a harmless vent to the passion that was struggling in his mind, at the same time that it indicated its nature. We now quit the subject for the present, to revert to it on some future opportunity.

PART SECOND.

Bibliographical Notices.

ART. I.-Dr. Underwood's Treatise on the Diseases of Children; with Directions for the Management of Infants. Tenth Edition, with Additions. By HENRY DAVIES, M.D., Senior Physician to the British Lying-in Hospital.-London, 1846. 8vo, pp. 596.

NONE of our readers, however old, or however young, but must be familiar with the title, at least, of this book. 'Underwood on Children' was the standing authority on its subject, in the days of our youth, and much pains have been taken, at different times, to keep the standard up to the level of the requirements of the passing day. Dr. Davies is the third editor and annotator of the book in our time,-Drs. Merriman and Marshall Hall having been his immediate predecessors. The present edition contains all the notes of these two gentlemen, as well as a large number of the editor's own, who moreover tells us that "in the conduct and production of the work he has received the assistance of the late Dr. Domeier, Dr. Klein Grant, and Dr. Sayer." Now, when it is considered that all, or nearly all the notes of the former editors, and all those of the present editor and his coadjutors, are embodied in the text, and that Dr. Davies, as he himself tells us, has, moreover, "deemed it advisable to adhere to Dr. Underwood's arrangement and, for the most part, also to retain his language and opinions," it will not surprise the reader, who will try to imagine a book so constructed, to learn, as he learns from the advertisement, that it contains "varieties of style and language, as well as some incongruities especially relative to the use of pronouns." And, sure enough, the pages of the volume do occasionally present such a composite character of structure, both as regards language and doctrines, as reminds us rather more of the coat of Joseph, than of the temples of Athens. We are sorry that Dr. Davies yielded to the wish of the publishers to have the original treatise reproduced, under any modification of plan and form, and did not devote the many precious hours that this mosaic must have cost him, to the task of giving us an original work on the same subject. This is a task for which his long experience had well prepared him, and which many of the excellent living notes he has here thrust into the carcase of old Underwood, prove he was well qualified for executing. But dis aliter visum; the gods of Paternoster row and Princes street, doubtless, would not forego the telling Title; and hence we are startled with yet another metempsychosis of the dear defunct partner of our youthful studies. Nevertheless, and notwithstanding, we make the old friend with a new face welcome. With all its faults of form and substance, the book as it