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age of 20 years. Recruits who have not secured exemption are Army in the month of March of the followincorporated in the ing year. Failure or inability to render military service involves payment of the "military tax" of 30 escudos per annum when the income exceeds 800 escudos per (50 escudos month).

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All Portuguese citizens subject to military duty desiring to leave the country are quired to secure a special permit, the fee for which is 500 escudos (a sum which is not returned), and, in addition, those between 14 and 20 years of age must make a deposit of 500 escudos, while those between 20 and 45 years of age are required to deposit 1,500 escudos, as a guaranty for the fulfillment of military obligations. These deposits are funded upon return to Portugal, provided such return takes place within the period during which the permission to leave the country is valid; otherwise, they are forfeited to the state.

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The treaty of naturalization in force between the United States and Portugal provides that Portuguese citizens who have become citizens of the United States shall be recognized as such upon their return to Portuguese dominions if they have resided in the United States 5 years. A naturalized American of Portuguese birth is liable to trial and punishment upon return to Portuguese dominions for an offense against Portuguese laws committed before the emigration, but not for the emigration itself, saving

always the limitations of the laws of Portugal. If a Portuguese citizen emigrated after having been enrolled as a recruit, whether in the active Army or in the reserve, the military tax assessed against him is doubled and he becomes liable to impressment into active service for a period of 2 years. Liability in respect of the military tax extends to the parents and grandparents of those assessed in the case of dependents only.

42. Sweden. Subjects of Sweden are liable to performance of military duty in and after the calendar year in which they reach their twenty-first year.

Article 1 of the convention between the United States and Sweden, signed at Stockholm January 31, 1933, provides that a person possessing the nationality of both the high contracting parties who habitually resides in the territory of one of them and who is in fact most closely connected with that party, shall be exempt from all military obligations in the territory of the other party.

Under the naturalization treaty between the United States and Sweden and Norway, concluded May 26, 1869, a naturalized citizen of the United States formerly a subject of Sweden is recognized as an American citizen upon his return to the country of his origin. He is liable, however, to punishment for an offense against the laws of Sweden committed before his emigration, saving always the limitations

and remissions established by those laws. Emigration itself is not an offense, but nonfulfillment of military duty and desertion from a military force or ship are offenses.

A naturalized American who performed his military service or emigrated when he was not liable to it and who violated no laws before emigrating may safely return to Sweden.

According to the treaty of May 26, 1869, between the United States and Sweden and Norway a naturalized American citizen of Swedish origin, upon renewing his residence in Sweden without the intent to return to America, shall be held to have renounced his American citizenship. The intent not to return to America may be held to exist when the person so naturalized resides more than 2 years in Sweden.

IV. STATUS OF AMERICAN CITIZENS IN CERTAIN COUNTRIES WITH THE GOVERNMENTS OF WHICH THE UNITED STATES HAS NOT CONCLUDED NATURALIZATION TREATIES

43. While this Government objects to the punishment of naturalized Americans by fines, forced military service, or imprisonment for any unperformed military service which accrued after the entry of the naturalized citizen into the United States, it can give no assurance that any objections which it makes will result in a remission or release.

44. This Government cannot properly protest against punishment for any infraction of foreign law committed prior to the naturalized American's entry into the United States.

45. Naturalized citizens of the United States who come from countries with the governments of which the United States has not concluded naturalization treaties should, before visiting such countries, consider the advisability of inquiring

of the appropriate authorities thereof whether they will be immune from molestation in such countries under the military service or other laws. The Department of State does not act as intermediary in such inquiries.

The following information is believed to be correct, but is not to be considered as official insofar as it relates to the laws and regulations of a foreign government:

46. Estonia. According to paragraph 20 of the Estonian nationality law of October 27, 1922, the loss of Estonian nationality is conditional on obtaining authorization from the Estonian Minister of the Interior. The application for authorization to renounce Estonian nationality must be accompanied by a certifi cate showing the acquisition of a foreign nationality. Consequently Estonian nationals who have become nationals of the United States and have not applied for and obtained authorization to renounce their Estonian nationality are considered under the law of Estonia to be nationals of that country. Under paragraph 1 of the Estonian law on military service, all male nationals of Estonia are liable for military service.

According to paragraph 2 of the Estonian law on nationality, children born without the territory of Estonia of a father who is an Estonian national are held to be Estonian nationals. Paragraph 6 of the same law expressly provides