equitable burden-sharing among the categories of contributors. It also expressed gratification at a pledge from Iran of $20 million, in addition to previous Iranian pledges of $105 million made through the OPEC Special Fund.

On December 20, 1976, the requirement for total initial contributions having been met, the Articles of Agreement Establishing the International Fund for Agricultural Development were opened for signature at U.N. Headquarters in New York. Daniel Parker, Administrator of the Agency for International Development, on signing the Articles for the United States on December 22, stated that the U.S. contribution of $200 million to the Fund was entirely additional to the assistance provided through existing bilateral and multilateral foreign aid programs “and reflected a major budgetary decision to increase the U.S. commitment to alleviating problems of hunger and malnutrition."

For the text of the Articles of Agreement Establishing the International Fund for Agricultural Development, the Final Act of the U.N. Conference of Plenipotentiaries, and the Resolutions of that Conference, see U.N. Docs. A/CONF. 73/15 through 73/18; see also XV International Legal Materials 916-949 (July 1976). For the pledges of initial contributions to IFAD, see U.N. Doc. A/CONF. 73/15/Add. 1/Rev. 2 (provisional), Dec. 20, 1976. For Mr. Parker's statement, see Press Release USUN-198(76), Dec. 22, 1976.

World Population Programs

Ambassador Marshall Green, Coordinator of Population Affairs, Department of State, in an address on September 10, 1976, stated the U.S. position that the main task in developing family planning programs belongs to the countries threatened by excessive growth. He noted, however, that the United States had thus far contributed roughly one-quarter of all foreign and domestic funds devoted to that purpose and was providing family planning supplies either directly through bilateral agreements or indirectly through U.N. organizations, such as the U.N. Fund for Population Activities, or nongovernmental international groups like International Planned Parenthood Foundation, or private U.S. groups. He summarized the basic elements of a successful population program as follows:

1. Leadership commitment; that is, leaders of countries with serious population problems speaking out clearly and firmly in support of population programs and seeing that effective national programs are carried out at the village or community level.

2. Innovative approaches designed to root family planning in the villages, such as wives' clubs of Korea and Indonesia or the community-based distribution systems that are beginning to appeal in Asia and Latin America.

3. Training paramedics to provide general health services, including family planning, in the communities where these people are known and trusted. This offers extensive personalized family planning advice and services to people even in remote rural areas at costs which the poorer nations can afford. . .

4. Improved status of women. This is not just a question of liberating women from traditional endless childbearing. It is a political and economic necessity-politically, because human rights must be the ultimate purpose of government; economically, because women continue to be the most underrated economic resource of nations.

Ambassador Green also recommended the involvement of total diplomacy in world population programs, especially at the ambassadorial level.

Dept. of State Bulletin, Vol. LXXV, No. 1945, Oct. 4, 1976, pp. 419-423.

The United States voted against U.N. General Assembly Resolution 31/7, which was adopted on November 5, 1976, by a vote of 93-9 with 19 abstentions. Among other things, the resolution strongly condemned the collaboration between South Africa and all states continuing to supply that country with nuclear and military equipment and technology—“in particular France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Israel, the United Kingdom, and the United States." In other provisions of the resolution, the General Assembly condemned governments violating Rhodesian sanctions and called on all states to discontinue all economic, financial and trade relations with South Africa concerning Namibia. The General Assembly also condemned governments continuing to support or collaborate with "foreign economic and other interests engaged in exploiting the natural and human resources" of dependent territories. The Secretary-General was asked to undertake a wide publicity campaign on exploitation of indigenous populations by "foreign monopolies" and the support they render to the "colonialist racist regimes."

Southern Rhodesia

On March 17, 1976, the United States joined with other members of the U.N. Security Council in unanimously adopting Resolution 386 (1976) appealing to all states to provide immediate assistance to Mozambique to help offset the financial losses it would incur as a result of its full enforcement of U.N. sanctions against Southern Rhodesia. The Security Council meeting had been called at the

request of Mozambique after President Samora Machel announced on March 3 that his country would immediately close its border with Rhodesia and rigorously enforce U.N. sanctions. The Mozambique Foreign Minister estimated to the Security Council that the loss would be $49 million annually. The appeal to the Council for assistance was made under Article 50 of the U.N. Charter (TS 993; 59 Stat. 1031), which provides:

The Court may, at any time, entrust any individual, body, bureau, commission, or other organization that it may select, with the task of carrying out an enquiry or giving an expert opinion. Ambassador W. Tapley Bennett, Jr., U.S. Representative, in a speech before the Council on March 17 said that the United States was pleased to join with other U.N. delegations in commending Mozambique for its actions; he added that the United States would vote for the resolution because it took its purpose to be twofold:

-First, to issue an appeal for assistance to Mozambique under article 50 of the charter. Mozambique has properly and commendably imposed sanctions on Rhodesia's minority government and accordingly has reason to seek recourse under article 50.

-And second, to demonstrate that the Council speaks with one voice on Rhodesian matters. There should be no doubt that this Council favors the urgent implementation of majority rule in Rhodesia.

He stated that the U.S. Government would give favorable consideration to assistance to Mozambique in offsetting the heavy financial burdens it would incur by enforcement of sanctions, but he expressed U.S. disappointment with elements of the resolution, particularly charges of aggression by the illegal minority regime in Rhodesia. He also reiterated the dedication of the United States to true selfdetermination for Rhodesia and majority rule there.

Under the operative paragraphs of Res. 386, the Security Council:

1. Commends the Government of Mozambique for its decision to sever all economic and trade relations with Southern Rhodesia;

2. Condemns all provocative and aggressive acts, including military incursions, against the People's Republic of Mozambique by the illegal minority regime of Southern Rhodesia;

3. Takes note of the urgent and special economic needs of Mozambique arising from its implementation of Resolution 253 (1968), as indicated in the statement by its Foreign Minister;

4. Appeals to all states to provide immediate financial, technical and material assistance to Mozambique, so that Mozambique can carry out its economic development program normally and enhance its capacity to implement fully the system of sanctions;

5. Requests the United Nations and the organizations and programs concerned, in particular the Economic and Social Council, the United Nations Development Program, the World Food Program, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and all United Nations specialized agencies to assist Mozambique in the present economic situation and to consider periodically the question of economic assistance to Mozambique as envisaged in the present resolution;

6. Requests the Secretary-General, in collaboration with the appropriate organizations of the United Nations system, to organize, with immediate effect, all

forms of financial, technical and material assistance to Mozambique to enable it to overcome the economic difficulties arising from its application of economic sanctions against the racist regime in Southern Rhodesia.

For the full text of Res. 386 and Ambassador Bennett's statement, see Dept. of State Bulletin, Vol. LXXIV, No. 1920, Apr. 12, 1976, pp. 496-497. See also U.N. Doc. S/PV. 1892, Mar. 17, 1976, for Amb. Bennett's statement.

On April 6, 1976, the U.N. Security Council approved unanimously Resolution 388 (1976), which broadened economic sanctions against Southern Rhodesia in force since 1968 to include insurance, trade names, and franchises. The United States joined all other Council members in cosponsoring the resolution. A number of Council members noted U.S. cosponsorhip with satisfaction and called for the United States to move further by cutting off imports of chrome under the Byrd amendment. See the 1973 Digest, pp. 413-414, the 1974 Digest, p. 598, and the 1975 Digest, pp. 693-695. Ambassador William W. Scranton, U.S. Representative to the United Nations, made a statement following passage of the resolution, in which he said:

The United States has scrupulously enforced sanctions against Rhodesia, except with regard to the importation of Rhodesian minerals under the so-called Byrd amendment. The United States reports to the Security Council's Sanctions Committee in detail every shipload of these minerals imported into the United States under this domestic legislation. From its very first days in office, the administration of President Ford has supported the repeal of the Byrd amendment. This continues to be United States policy. We wish once again to be able to say that the United States is in full compliance with United Nations sanctions. We recognize the need to repeal the Byrd amendment not only for the intended effect in Southern Rhodesia but also in the interest of upholding our international obligations. In the same spirit, my delegation urges the governments of those nations whose major violations are less well publicized to take all appropriate steps to tighten their administration of the sanctions imposed by Security Council Resolution 253 (1968).

The United States remains firm both in support of United Nations resolutions which have condemned the illegal Smith regime and in our commitment to the implementation of the principles of self-determination and majority rule Rhodesia

Res. 388 declares in its operative paragraphs that the Security Council:

in

1. Decides that all Member States shall take appropriate measures to ensure that their nationals and persons in their territories do not insure:

(a) Any commodities or products exported from Southern Rhodesia after the date of this resolution in contravention of Security Council Resolution 253 (1968) which they know or have reasonable cause to believe to have been so exported; (b) Any commodities or products which they know or have reasonable cause to believe are destined or intended for importation into Southern Rhodesia after the date of this resolution in contravention of Resolution 253 (1968);

(c) Commodities, products or other property in Southern Rhodesia of any commercial, industrial or public utility undertaking in Southern Rhodesia, in contravention of Resolution 253 (1968);

2. Decides that all Member States shall take appropriate measures to prevent their nationals and persons in their territories from granting to any commercial, industrial or public utility undertaking in Southern Rhodesia the right to use any trade name or from entering into any franchising agreement involving the use of any trade name, trade mark or registered design in connection with the sale or distribution of any products, commodities or services of such an undertaking;

3. Urges, having regard to the principle stated in Article 2 of the United Nations Charter, States not Members of the United Nations to act in accordance with the provisions of the present resolution.

For the full text of Res. 388 and Ambassador Scranton's statement, see Dept. of State Bulletin, Vol. LXXIV, No. 1923, May 3, 1976, pp. 594-595. See also U.N. Doc. S/PV. 1907, Apr. 6, 1976, pp. 16-17.

On December 14, 1976, the Fourth (Decolonization) Committee at the United Nations passed by a vote of 121-1(U.S.)-6 a resolution condemning all violations of the mandatory sanctions imposed by the Security Council against Southern Rhodesia, in particular the continued importation of chrome and nickel from Zimbabwe into the United States. It called upon the United States to repeal speedily the legislation permitting such importation. The resolution also reiterated that the scope of the sanctions against the illegal regime must be widened, and it asked the Security Council to consider the necessary measures as a matter of urgency. Richard Petree, U.S. representative in Committee Four, explained the U.S. negative vote:

The United States has voted against draft resolution L.46, regarding Rhodesian sanctions-not because we oppose such sanctions or want to see them vitiated in any way. To the contrary, and as members of this Assembly know full well, the United States supports those sanctions against Rhodesia and has been open and frank in those circumstances where the United States has been unable because of domestic legislation to implement the sanctions fully. The United States voluntarily reports fully to the Security Council's Sanctions Committee on imports under the Byrd amendment.

[F]or obvious reasons, completely accurate statistics on all Rhodesian exports are not available. However, it is unlikely that United States imports account for more than five percent of total Rhodesian export earnings. Obviously, 95% of the Rhodesian earnings originate elsewhere.

Accordingly, we deeply resent being singled out for criticism. In a year when the United States has exerted every effort to bring about the peaceful transition to majority rule in Rhodesia, we believe it petty and unjust for this Assembly to criticize the United States alone for sanctions violations. The resolution applies a double standard in dealing with Rhodesia because, as we all know, there are other countries involved in trade with Rhodesia, some of