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through the articulate speech of men. To be deprived of spiritual vision and to be deaf to divine instruction is of all things the most pitiable. Yet nothing can hinder a man who is determined to know God. Receive, then, the gentle word, and spit out deleterious poison. Believe, O man, Him who is man and God.

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Believe Him who suffered and is adored. Believe the living God, whom to find is to possess life." 1 More blessed are the wild beasts than men in their errors. Fishes are not superstitious, birds are not idolaters. Gain knowledge of God, if even at the end of life. Let heaven be thy fatherland, and God thy lawgiver. Better the bitter drug of truth than the sweet of custom. Cast aside the playthings of childhood.2 The Son-the Word-took the mask of a man and acted the drama of human salvation. The universe has been flooded with His benefits.3

Regard His beneficence. Man, the child of God, fell under the power of the serpent—that is, pleasure. The Lord overcame the serpent; and he who lost paradise receives heaven as his due.1 With the coming of the Word from above, recourse to the men of Athens or Ionia is superfluous. The true wisdom, only dimly guessed at by the highest philosophers, we have apprehended. The Word gives clear vision to the darkened mind. Let us admit the light, that we may admit God. Let us remove the ignorance which like a mist obstructs the vision, and contemplate the God who truly exists. The Sun of righteousness has changed sunset into sunrise. By heavenly teaching He has made man as God. Let us give to God the guerdon of a thankful heart and obediThose who put their trust in jugglers receive amulets that claim "saving" power; why not rather take for an amulet the Heavenly One Himself-the "Saving" Word? Let the light shine in the heart.5 God sent the Good Shepherd to save the flock of men. He proclaims good news to the obedient, judgment to the disobedient. He blows the trumpet of the Gospel, and gathers the soldiers of peace. With His armoury we are prepared for battle with the evil one. Better to become at once the servant of the best of beings, and by holy service to imitate Him. I exhort you to be saved. Christ truly bestows life upon you. He banishes death, and makes man the temple and dwelling-place of 5 xi. 113.115.

ence.

X.

1 104.106

2

X.

107-109

8

110

X.

♦ xi. 111, 112.

God.

Offer thyself to Him, that thou mayst be not the work only, but also the grace of God.1

Custom is as dangerous as the Charybdis or the mythic sirens. But if bound to the cross, thou art saved from destruction: the Word of God will be thy pilot, the Holy Spirit will bring thee to anchorage in heaven, where thou shalt have the vision of God and be instructed in the holy mysteries. Come, O frenzied one, to the true Citharon, where no Maenades hold revel, but the daughters of God celebrate the sacred rites of the Word. Come, O blind Teiresias, and be led to the truth. Thou didst not see Thebes, but thou shalt see the heavens.2 "Hear," says Jesus, "ye men endowed with reason, barbarians and Greeks alike. To you alone of mortals I grant immortality. I confer on you the word, the knowledge of God, my perfect self. I seek that ye may be like unto me." 3 Let us run to Him, let us love Christ, the good charioteer of men. us acquire the greatest of all things-God and life. Let us long for the Word of Truth Himself. Let us not value least the things which are worth most. Not unreasonably the philosophers call ignorance a form of madness. Can we doubt whether it is better to be sane than insane? All things are God's. All things are God's. If man be beloved by God, all things are His. The pious alone is rich, and wise, and of noble birth. He is the "image" of God as well as the "likeness." He is like unto God. Choose judgment or grace. Surely

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APPENDIX B.

ANALYSIS OF THE PÆDAGOGUS.

BOOK I. Corresponding to the actions, habits, and passions of men, the Word discharges a threefold function. As Tutor, His aim is preliminary, not scientific, to train the soul to a virtuous, not a scientific, life. He diets our sick souls. By a series of stages leading to salvation, the Word first exhorts, then trains, and finally teaches.1 Our Tutor is like God, His Father, sinless, free from passion. We need first to be delivered from passions, and then from proclivity to sin. Not to sin is the prerogative of God. To be free from deliberate transgression is the mark of the wise man. To avoid involuntary offences belongs to the well-instructed. Tutor heals body and soul. Man is His child, His greatest work.2 The Lord ministers all good to men. Man, who was made by God, is loved by Him, and ought to return His love and live according to His will. This applies to women as well as to men. For men and women have a common grace and a common salvation, a common love and training.3

Pædagogy is the training of children. As is proved by the Lord in the Gospel, we are the children of the Tutor. The same is shown by the designations, "lambs," "sucking-calves," "doves,"

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chickens," and "young colts." We are "little children," not because we are at the age of unreasoning or devoid of learning, but because we are simple and guileless, as those who know the only God as their Father. As infants we are easily wrought to goodness, and, being a new people, are not perverse like the ancient Because the children are the simple ones we glory in the name. All young and feeble things meet with kindness. So God 3 i. 3-4 7-11.

race.

1 i. 1 1.3.

2 i. 21.6.

the Father of the universe treats with tenderness the children whom He has begotten and adopted. The Spirit calls the Lord Himself a child-the great God and the perfect child. We are not, then, called children, because our education is childish or imperfect in character. When regenerated we at once attain perfection; illuminated, we know God. We are already "light in the Lord," though there is a difference between the earnest and the attainment of the promise. Yet faith is perfect and complete in itself. It is the one universal salvation of men, and equality of fellowship with the righteous and loving God is the same to all. In the same Word there are not gnostics and psychical men. The Master calls us "babes." We are to be as new-born babes of God. Those under the Law are children; those under faith are men and sons. Compared with the Law, childhood in Christ is full growth.2 When the apostle said, "I have fed you with milk," he did not mean that which was childish and imperfect. For the milk is to be regarded not as something different from the meat, but the same in essence. Blood is a kind of liquid flesh, and milk is the sweeter and finer part of blood. The essence of the human body is blood. Milk is a product of the blood. The affinity of milk for water, its mixture with honey and sweet wine, the butter made from milk, may all symbolise spiritual truths.3

Our Tutor, Jesus, calls Himself the good shepherd. As such He leads the children to salvation. He has said "I am your Teacher." Divine instruction is a right directing of truth with a view to the vision of God, and is a possession for ever; whereas human instruction fails to mould moral character. Once He said, "Thou shalt fear"; to us He says, "Thou shalt love." Moses predicted His name and office. By Prophecy He is invested with a rod.4

To say so is to From experience God hates noth

"But can He be good who uses the rod?" forget that in love for us the Lord became man. of suffering He knows the weakness of the flesh. ing, nor does His Word. He loves, and man most of all. “If

so, how does He punish?"
reproof acts as a surgeon.
1 i. 5 12.94.
2 i. 625.34

Punishment cures the passions; Censure is a mark of goodwill, not

3 i, 635 52

R

4 i. 7 53.61.

to man.

of hatred. He adjusts His reproof to the distinctive habits of each. He cuts off the impulse to sin by declaring its consequences. He punishes, but without feeling of revenge. God is good and just. His Son, the saving Word, may wound in a saving fashion the soul that has grown apathetic, and may do so by manifest methods. The affection of anger, if such a word may be used, is inspired by love The Incarnation is a proof. The Tutor of humanity has devoted Himself to the saving of the "babes." The prophetic testimony shows the varied manner of His loving training. He employs all forms of admonition, reproof, and censure. His rhetorical use of fear is a spring of salvation. He leads to self-control those who were being carried away to dissoluteness. When He threatens more harshly, it is to draw us back from rushing to death. The goodness that always shows kindness is disregarded; that which reminds us by the loving fear of righteousness is held in reverence. There is a fear which is associated with reverence, and a fear which is associated with hatred, such as slaves feel towards a harsh master. There is an absolute difference between voluntary and forced piety. The physician is not the cause of the fever, he only demonstrates its existence. So God only shows the sins which are in the man who is sick of soul. The same love that caused God to make His sun to shine caused Him to send down His own Son.2 As by fault-finding He seeks to induce repentance and dissuade us from sinning, so He employs persuasion and praise. He appeals to the past, the present, and the future. By all forms of cure He calls mankind to salvation. He invites us to the possession of blessings. He calls men of understanding to the love of knowledge. He brings the light of truth to the erring. Praise as well as blame is an essential medicine. Some men need to be beaten out like iron; others grow by praise. Such is His method of instruction. By the Law and the Prophets He trained men who were hard to bridle. The Law was "a tutor to bring us to Christ." Our Tutor is Jesus, the Word of God; to Him God has intrusted us. He is worthy of trust, because He is adorned with three of the fairest graces-knowledge, benevolence, and boldness of utterance.3

The Tutor delineates for us the ideal of the true life and trains men in Christ. He formed man out of the dust, and transforms

1 i. 8 62.74.

2 i. 975.88.

3 i. 10-11 89.97

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