were titles at first indifferently assumed by the governors of the primitive monasteries. They were really distinguished from the clergy; though frequently confounded with them, because a degree above laymen. In those early days, the abbots were subject to the bishops and the ordinary pastors. Their monasteries being remote from cities, built in the farthest solitudes, they had no share in ecclesiastical affairs. They went on Sundays to the parish church with the rest of the people; or, if they were too remote, a priest was sent them to administer the sacraments; till at length they were allowed to have priests of their own. The abbot or archimandrite himself was usually the priest: but his function extended no farther than to the spiritual assistance of his monastery; and he remained still in obedience to the bishop. There being among the abbots several persons of learning, they made a vigorous opposition to the rising heresies of those times; which first occasioned the bishops to call them out of their deserts, and fix them about the suburbs of cities, and at length in the cities themselves: from which æra their degeneracy is to be dated. The abbots, now, soon wore off their former plainness and simplicity, and began to be looked on as prelates. They aspired at being independent of the bishops; and became so insupportable, that some severe laws were made against them at the council of Chalcedon; notwithstanding this, in time many of them carried the point of independency, and got the appellation of lord, with other badges of the episcopate, particularly the mitre. Hence arose a new species of distinction between the abbots. Those were termed mitred abbots, who were privileged to wear the mitre, and exercised episcopal authority within their respective precincts, being exempted from the jurisdiction of the bishop. Others were termed crosiered abbots, from their bearing the crosier or pastoral staff. Others were styled acumenical or universal abbots, in imitation of the patriarch of Constantinople: while others were termed cardinal abbots, from their superiority over all other abbots. Among us, the mitred abbots were lords of parliament; and called abbots sovereign, and abbots general. And as there were lords abbots, so there were also lords priors, who had exempt jurisdiction, and were likewise lords of parliament. Some reckon 26 of these lords abbots and priors that sat in parliament. Sir EDWARD COKE says, that there were 27 parliamentary abbots, and two priors. In the parliament, 20 Rich. II. there were but 25 abbots and two priors; but in the summons to parliament, anno 4, Ed. III. more are named. At present, in the Roman catholic countries, the principal distinctions observed between abbots are those of regular and commendatory. The former take the vow and wear the habit of their order; whereas the latter are seculars, though they are obliged by their bulls to take orders when of proper age. Anciently the ceremony of creating an abbot consisted in clothing him with the habit, called cuculus, or cowl, putting the pastoral staff into his hand, and the shoes called pedales on his feet; but at present it is only a simple benediction, improperly called, by some, consecration. ABBOT, (George,) archbishop of Canterbury was born 29th Oct. 1562, at Guildford in Surrey. He studied at Oxford, was chosen principal of University College in 1597, installed dean of Winchester in 1599, and thrice elected vice-chancellor of the University of Oxford, in 1600, 1603, and 1605. The translation of the Bible, now in use, being begun in 1604, by order of K. James, dean Abbot was one of the eight divines to whom the New Testament was committed. In 1608, he went to Scotland, to assist in bringing about an union between the kirk of Scotland and the church of England-a business which he conducted with so much moderation, as well as address, that the origin of all his after preferment may be traced to it. In December, 1609, he was consecrated bishop of Litchfield and Coventry; in January, 1610, bishop of London; and on the 2d November following, appointed to the archiepiscopal see. His enemies have ascribed this rapid accumulation of honours less to his merits, than to the flattering compliments he paid the king; by equalling him with several of the wisest and best monarohs of antiquity. In 1613, however, he opposed that favourite object of the king's, the divorce between lady Frances Howard, and Robert, earl of Essex; and in 1618, the royal declaration permitting Sunday sports, which he prohibited being read in the church. When his health began to decline, he went to Hampshire for recreation, and being invited to a hunting match by Lord Zouch, he had the misfortune to kill the game-keeper by an arrow, which he shot at one of the deer from a cross bow. This accident affected the archbishop so much, that, besides settling an annuity of 201. on the widow, he kept a monthly fast on Tuesday, the day when the misfortune happened, all his life afterwards. His enemies endeavouring, on this account, to lessen him in the king's favour, James smartly observed, that," an angel might have miscarried in this sort." Ten commissioners were appointed to inquire into the matter, whose report entirely exculpated the archbishop from crime, but it was thought proper that a dispensation of pardon and restoration should pass the great seal. After this he seldom assisted at the council, but attended it during the king's last illness very constantly. And, although troubled with the gout, he performed the ceremony of crowning king Charles I. He was never, however, greatly in this monarch's favour, and the duke of Buckingham and Laud being his enemies, he was suspended from all his functions as primate, upon his refusing to license a sermon of Dr. Sibthorpe's, justifying a loan which the king had demanded At the meeting of parliament he was restored, and died at Croydon, the 5th of August, 1633, aged 71. Archbishop Abbot was a man of great moderation, and wished that the clergy should attract esteem, by the purity of their manners, rather than by the dignity of their function. He partook of the stern Calvinism that so largely pervaded the minds of most of the protestant reformers; but was more remarkable in early life than afterwards for his high-churchmanship. Being, at the former period, asked Whether a protestant prince might assist the subjects of a neighbouring state in resisting tyranny and oppression?' he answered-No; for even tyranny was God's authority.' In later life, he manfully opposed those extreme measures of Laud and his misguided sovereign, which brought the latter to the block. Dr. Southey, in his Book of the Church, speaks of him as "inclining to the puritans;" and as bringing the court of High Commission into disgrace by his great severity. We cannot reconcile these charges. Lord Clarendon, also, in the evident spirit of party, throws out some severe reflections against him, but Dr. Wellwood has done justice to his merits, in his Memoirs. He endowed a hospital at Guildford, (where he was buried,) with an income of £300 a year. He wrote various tracts of temporary interest, and "Six Latin Lectures on Divinity, at Oxford," 1598, 4to.; "Exposition of the Prophet Jonah," 4to. 1600; "A Brief Description of the whole World," 12mo. 1634; "Treatise on the Perpetual Visibility and Succession of the True Church," 4to. 1624; and a "History of the Massacre in the Valteline," inserted in Fox's Book of Martyrs. Edward the Confessor, and William 1. were both benefactors. It has a market on Thursday, a fair on the 10th of July, and lies eight miles S. W. of Dorchester, and 127 W. by S. from London. ABBOTS-CASTLE, or APEWOOD CASTLE, an old fortification in Staffordshire, 7 miles from Wolverhampton, on the N. side of the road from Shrewsbury to London, situated on a lofty round promontory, and a steep ridge of hills; which extend a mile in length, and are supposed to have been one continued fortification of the ancient Britons. ABBOTS-LANGLEY, a village in Herts, four miles from St. Albans, (and formerly belonging to the abbey there,) famous for being the birthplace of Pope ADRIAN IV. ABBREVIATE, v. n. ABBREVIATION, ABBREVIATOR, ABBREVIATURE. Ital. Abbreviare, from Lat. brevis, ad breve agere, which is from the Gr. βραχος, Anglo-Saxon, bræcan, to break. In all theyr wrytynges, [the Frenshe] when they ABBOT, (Robert,) bishop of Salisbury, elder brother to the archbishop, was born at Guildford, in 1560, studied at Oxford, took his degree of A.M. m 1582, and became a celebrated preacher. Upon his first sermon at Worcester, he was chosen lecturer in that city, soon after rector of All-saints; and John Stanhope, Esq. happening to hear him preach, immediately presented him to the rich living of Bingham, in Nottinghamshire. In 1597, he took the degree of D. D. and was The epistles of St. Paul, St. Peter, St. John, St. appointed soon after, chaplain in ordinary to king James, and Judas, the Apostles, do contain counsels James; who had such an opinion of him, that and advertisements, in the form of orations, reciting he ordered his book, De Antichristo, to be print-out of the Gospels, as it were an abbreviate, called of divers places, as well out of the Old Testament as ed along with his own Commentary upon part of the Greeks and Latins epitome. the Apocalypse. In 1609, he was elected master of Baliol college, a trust which he discharged with the utmost care. In 1615, he was appointed to the see of Salisbury, in which he exercised primitive diligence, visiting his diocese personally, and preaching weekly. He died of the stone, on the 2d of March, 1618, being one of the five bishops which Salisbury had in six years. Dr. Fuller speaking of the two brothers, says, "that George was the more plausible preacher, Robert the greatest scholar; George the abler statesman; Robert the deeper divine: gravity did frown in George, and smile in Robert." He published several pieces; he also left behind him sundry manuscripts, which Dr. Corbet, his son-in-law, made a present of to the Bodleian library. ABBOTS-BROMLEY, or PAGET'S BROMLEY, a town in the hundred of South Pirchill, Staffordshire, 6 miles E. from Stafford, and 129 N. W. from London. It has a weekly market on Tuesday, and three annual fairs for horses and cattle. On the dissolution of the monasteries it was given to Lord Paget, whence its modern name, which it bears in the county map, though it still retains its old name with regard to the fairs, and in the king's books. ABBOTSBURY, a market-town in Dorsetshire, so named from an abbey near it, founded as some say, by a steward of Canute the Great, others, by a Norman lady, about 1026; to which Sir T. Elyot's Gov. fol. 205. b. In Xiphilin and Theodosius, the two abbreviators of Die Cassius, may be observed the like agreement and disagreement. West on the Resurrection, p. 343. It is one thing to abbreviate by contracting, another by cutting off. Lord Bacon's Essays, 26. He that means to have his sickness turned into safety, and life into health and virtue, must make religion the employment of his sickness, and prayer the employment of his religion. For there are certain compendiums or abbreviatures, and shortnings of religion, fitted to several states. Taylor's Holy Living and Dying. At the creation the original of mankind was in two persons, but after the flood, their propagation issued at least from six; against this we might very well set the length of their lives before the flood, which were abbreviated after, and in half this space contracted hundreds and threescores. Brown's Vulgar Errours. ABBREVIATE of ADJUDICATIONS, in Scots law, an abstract or abridgment of a decree of adjudication, which is recorded in a register kept for that purpose. ABBREVIATION, in ARCHEOLOGY, is a short method of expressing words by initials, or other letters. We subjoin the most useful. 1. CLASSICAL ABBREVIATIONS, Or those principally in use, on coins and monuments, and in Greek books A. Absolvo, absolutio, aiunt, aliquando, ager, A. RET. P. III. S. Ante retropedes tres semis. albo, annos, argentum, Augustus, &c. AR. P. Aram posuit. A. A. Auro argento. A. A. A. F. F. Auro argento ære flando feriundo. A. A. S. L. M. Apud agrum sibi legavit monumentum. Apud agrum sibi locum monumenti. AB. Abdicavit. AB. AUG. M. P. XXXXI. Ab Augusta millia passuum quadraginta unum. AB. AUGUSTOB. M. P. X. Ab Augustobrigâ millia passuum decem. A. B. M. Animæ benè merenti. A. CAMB. M. P. XI. A Camboduno millia passuum undecim. ACCENS. COS. Accensus consulis. A.COMP. XIIII. A Compluto quatuor decem. A. D. P. Ante diem pridiè. ADQ. Adquiescit vel adquisita pro acquisita. ED. II. II.VIR. II. Edilis iterum, duumvir iterum. ÆD. II.VIR. QUINQ. Edilis duumvir quinquennalis. ÆĎ. Q. II.VIR. Edilis quinquennalis duumvir. EM. vel AEM. Æmilius, Emilia. A. G. Animo grato: Aulus Gellius. ALA. I. Ala prima. A. L. P. Animo libens posuit. A. L. V. S. Animo libens votum solvit. A. MILL. XXXV, A milliariistriginta quinque, AN. C. H. S. Annorum cent. hic situs est. AN. IVL. Annos quadraginta sex. ANN. LIII. H.S. E. Annorum quinquagintarium hic situs est. ANN. NAT. LXVI. Annos natus sexaginta sex. ANN. P. Annona prefectus. ANN. PL. M. X. Annos vel annis plus minus decem. AN. O. XVI. Anno defunctus decimo sexto. AN. P. M. Annorum plus minus. A. XII. Annis duodecim. A. N. TR. Argentum novum Trevirense. AN. P. M. L. Annorum plus minus quinquaginta. AN. P. R. C. Anno post Romam conditam. ARG. P. X. Argenti pondo decem. A. RION. A rationibus. A.V. L. Annos vixit quinquaginta, animo vovit libens. AVSP.S. Auspicante sacrum. A. XX. H. EST. Annorum viginti hic est. B. pro V. berna pro verna, bixit pro vixit, bibo B. B. Bona bona, benè benè. B. F. Bona fide, bona femina, bona fortuna, penè factum. B. F. reversed thus, &. J. Bona feinina, bona filia. B. H. Bona hereditaria, bonorum hæreditas. B. I. I. Boni judicis judicium. B. M. P. Benè merito posuit. BN. H. I. Bona hic invenies. B. RP. N. Bono reipublicæ natus. BIX. ANN. XXCI. M. IV. D. VII. Vixit annis octoginta unum, mensibus quatuor, diebus septem. BX. ANUS.VII. ME.VI. DI. XVII. Vixit annos septem, menses sex, dies septem decem. C. Cæsar, Caia, Caius, censor, civitas, consul, condemno, conscriptus, conjux. C. C. Carissimæ conjugi, calumnia, causa, consilium cepit. C. C. F. Caius Caii filius. C. B. Commune bonum. C. D. Comitialibus diebus. C. H. Custos hortorum vel hæredum. CC. VV. Clarissimi viri. CEN. Censor, centuria, centurio. CERTA. QUINQ. ROM. CO. Certamen quinquennale Romæ conditum. C. F. C. Clavi figendi causâ. CL. Claudius. CL.V. Clarissimus vir CH. COH. Cohors. C. M. vel CA. M. Causa mortis. C. O. Civitas omnis. COH. I. vel II. Cohors prima vel secunda. COS. ITER. ET. TERT. DESIG. Consul iterum et tertium designatus. AN.V. P. M. II. Annis vixit plus minus duobus. COS. TER. vel QUAR. Consul tertium vel quar AN. XXV. STIP.VIII. Annorum viginti quin que stipendii, vel stipendiorum octo. A. P. M. Amico posuit monumentum. A. P. T. Amico posuit titulum. A. P.V. C. Annorum post urbem conditam. APVD. L.V. CONV. Apud lapidem quintum convenerunt. tum. COSS. Consules. COST. CUM. LOC. H-S. ∞ D. Custodiam cum. loco sestertiis mille quingentis. C. R. Civis Romanus. CS. IP. Cæsar imperator. D. Decius, decimus, decuria, decurio, dedicavit, E. H. Ejus hæres, ex hæredibus, vel ex hæredidedit, devotus, dies, divus, Deus, dii, Domi nus, domus, donum, datum, decretum, &c. D. A. Divus Augustus. D. B. I. Diis benè juvantibus. D. B. S. De bonis suis. tate est. EID. Idus. EIM. Ejusmodi. E. L. Ea lege. E. M. Elegit vel erexit monumentum, ex more. EMP. Emptor. EM. Q. Equitum magister. E. N. Etiam nunc, est noster vel non. Enim. EOR. Eorum. EP. Epistola. E. P. Parie, è palatio, è publico. EX. A. D. K. Ex ante diem Kalendas. EX. A. D. C. A. Ex autoritate divi Cæsaris Augusti. EX. A. D. V. K. DEC.AD. PRID. K. IAN. Ex antè diem quinto Kalendas Decembris ad pridiè Kalendas Januarii. EX.H-S. X. P. F. I. Ex sestertiis decem parvis fit jussit. EX. H. S. GION. Ex sestertiis mille nummum. EX. H-S. ∞ ∞ ∞∞. Ex sestertiis quatuor millia. EX.H-S. N.CC.L. D. XL. Ex sestertiis num morum ducentis quinquaginta millibus, quingentis quadraginta. EX. H-S. DC. ∞ D. XX. Ex sestertiis sex centis millibus, quingentis viginti. EX. KAL. IAN. AD. KAL. IAN. Ex Kalendis EX. S. C. Ex senatus consulto. F. Fabius, fecit, factum, faciendum, familia, famula, factus, Februarius, feliciter, felix, fides, fieri, fit, femina, filia, filius, frater, finis, flamen, forum, fluvius, faustum, fuit. FA. Filia. F. A. Filio amantissimo, vel filiæ amantissimæ. FAC. C. Faciendum curavit. D. V. Devotus vir, vester, vel diis volentibus, vel FAM. Familiaris. dies quintus. DVL. vel DOL. Dulcissimus. D. VS. Deæ virgines, de virtutibus, vel de ver bis. FAMA. Familia. F. AN. X. F. C. Filio vel filiæ annorum decem faciendum curavit. FB. Fabricant. F. C. Fieri, vel faciendum curavit, fidei commissum. Fecit, vel fecerunt. F. D. Flamen Dialis, filius dedit, factum dedicavit. F. D. Fide jussor, fundum. FEA. Femina. FEB. Februarius. F. E. Factum est, vel filius ejus. FE. C. Fermè centum. FF. Fabrè factum, filius familias, fratris filius. F. F. F. Ferro, flamma, fame, fortior, fortuna fato. FF. Fecerunt. FL. F. Flavii filius. F. FQ. Filiis filiabusque. H. O. Hostis occisus. H. R. I. P. Hic requiescit in pace. H-S. ∞ CCIɔɔ. N. Sestertiis novem mille num- H-S.CCIO. CO. Sestertiis viginti mille. H. V. B. P. Herus verus bonorum possessor. G. Gellius, Gaius pro Caius, genius, gens, gau- I. Junius, Julius, Jupiter, ibi, idest, immortalis, dium, gesta, gratia, gratis, &c. G. AV G. Genio Augusti. GAB. Gabinius. GAL. Gallus, Gallerius. G. B. Gens bona. G. C. Genio civitatis. G. D. Gens desolata. GD. Gaudium. GEN. P. R. Genio populi Romani. GEN. CORN. Gente Cornelia. GENS. Gentes. GER. Germanicus. G. F. Gula filiorum, Germanus frater, gemina fidelis. GG. Gesserunt. GL. Gloria. imperator, inferi, in, inter, invenit, invictus, ipse, iterùm, judex, jussit, jus, &c. GL. P. Gloria parentum, vel patriæ, vel populi. I. D. M. Jovi Deo magno. GL. N. L. Gloria nominis Latini. GL. S. Gallus Sempronius. GN. Gneus pro Cneus, genius, gens. GN. R. S. Genus Romani senatus. H. A. Hoc anno. HA. Hadrianus. HE.M. Hæredem meum. HC. Hunc, huic, hic. HC.AM-N. Hunc amicum nostrum. H. D. Hic dedicavit dedicarunt, vel dedicaverunt. I. D. T. S. P. In diem tertium sive perendinum. I. FO. vel I. F. In foro vel Julii filius. IF. Interfuit. IFT. Interfuerunt. I. FNT. In fronte. I. FO. C. In foro Cæsaris. I. FO. P. In foro Palladis vel Pacis. I. FO. TR. In foro Trajani, vel Transitorio. I. G. In agro. I. H. Jacet hic, justus homo, in honestatem. I. L. A. In loco absente. I. L. P. In loco publico. IM. Imago, immortalis, imperator. I. M. CT. In medio civitatis. IMM. Immolavit, immortalis, immunis. IMPP. Imperatores viz. de duobus. H. M. Honesta mulier, vel hora mala, vel hora IN H. H. In hoc honore. H. M. D. A. Hoc mandavit dari Augustus. H. M. AD. H. N. T. Hoc monumentum ad II. M. EXT. N. REC. Hoc monumentum exteras non recipit. H.,M. P. Hoc monumentum posuit, vel hic memoriæ posuit. I N. H. DD. In honorem dedicatum. I. O. M. D. Jovi optimo maximo, dedicatum senatus. I. S. C. In senatus consulto, vel judex sacrarum I. T. C. Intra tempus constitutum. |