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Mr. ULANOVSKY. It is not exactly this way. The Jewish minority language in the Soviet Union is considered to be Yiddish and not Hebrew. Hebrew is considered to be a foreign language because it is the language of the State of Israel. On the other hand, the Yiddish language is becoming virtually a dying language in the Soviet Union because very few people can speak it. This is because of many factors, assimilation mainly. Most Jews are extremely assimilated. Few speak Yiddish, especially the young generation in Russia proper. I am talking about the conditions as they exist in Moscow and large cities in Russia proper.

There is no future for Yiddish, although it is considered to be the official Jewish language in the U.S.S.R. Soviet authorities publish a paper in Yiddish and they even have a Yiddish magazine which comes out of Moscow. But very few people read it, both because few people can understand Yiddish and because the contents of these papers are virtually very similar to official communist publications like Pravda; they have nothing original which would be interesting for a Jew to read.

Now, about Hebrew. Hebrew is considered to be a legitimate foreign language and that is why by law it should be allowed to be taught as well as other foreign languages like English, French, and others, but in fact, it is not allowed to be taught.

Hebrew is taught officially in some universities. We know definitely that it is taught in the Moscow, Leningrad, and Tbilisi Universities. But these classes at the universities are closed and the students are selected very carefully by the authorities, mainly for military and KGB purposes.

Of course, a Jew who would like to enter these classes would not be allowed to do so. The authorities even try to conceal the existence of these classes at the universities.

Mr. BINGHAM. That is very interesting. One more question. Before you left, did you feel resentment from other groups who might want to be allowed to leave, that it is primarily Jewish emigrants that are allowed to leave? Is there resentment because of that among other ethnic groups or even Russians?

Mr. ULANOVSKY. I did not feel personally any resentment, although I presume that some people feel a resentment. What I do know is that there are some minorities who also would like to emigrate like Pentecostals and Germans.

The reason why I cannot answer your question more fully is that I met very few of them. They live in quite different parts of the Soviet Union. Pentecostals live mainly in Siberia and Germans in Central Asia.

Mr. BINGHAM. Thank you.

Chairman FASCELL. Thank you very much, Mr. Ulanovsky. You have been very helpful in giving us an update on what life is like in the Soviet Union. I must say that I am pleased that you and I both are out.

I want to thank you very much for appearing before this Commission and giving us the benefit of your opinion and your testimo

ny.

Thank you very much.

Mr. ULANOVSKY. Thank you.

[Material submitted for the record by Mr. Ulanovsky follows:]

APPENDIX A

ANTI-SEMITISM IN THE SOVIET PRESS

IN THE FORM OF ACCUSATIONS AGAINST ZIONISTS OF HAVING COLLABORATED WITH
THE NAZIS

From: "Voyenny Vestnik" ("Military Herald") - No. 1 (January) 1979

(Moscow, monthly)

"ZIONISM- THE POISONED WEAPON OF IMPERIALISM"__ - by L. Chernousko

"... During the Second World War, the Zionists did not take party

in the active struggle against fascism. History does not know any facts of the mobilisation by the Zionists of the masses for the struggle against German fascism and for the formation of units to participate in the Resistance in Europe. Moreover, later on facts were exposed concerning deals made by Zionists with the Gestapo..."

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"... Fascism, Zionism, racism many things unite these three phenomena. Especiall, when it is a matter about their practical activities. Several years before the establishment of the State of Israel, Zionism had been closely collaborating with Hitler's fascism. The participation of the Zionists in the crimes of the Hitlerites concerning the annihilation of Jews in the years of the Second World War is known from many sources: out of the Investigation documents of the Rudolf Kastner case; out of the numerous testimonies of those who managed to escape death in gas chambers. Naturally, the Zionists of our times prefer to conceal their collaborationist past. They do not always succeed in this and the secret becomes known. This was also the fate of a certain Egon Redlich, member of the Zionist organization "Mkabi Khakair" who during Hitler's occupation was engaged in the 'transfer of Czech Jews to the land of Palestine'. His diary, found several years ago during the renovation In one of the houses in the Czechoslovak town of Theresienstadt, was a new proof of the collaborationist activity of the Zionists during the occupation. The Czechoslovak publicist, Irzhi Bogatka, tells about this diary...: 'Certain publicists of the Western propaganda media brand as a manifestation of anti-Semitism the very mention of the fact that during the Occupation "Jews were sending Jews to their death". Nobody, however, can

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suspect Egon Redlich of anti-Semitism, who wrote in his diary on January 20, 1943: 'They transport them like cattle. They are driven in herds and the herddrivers are also sheep. They are also Jews who oppress Jews". The Diary sheds light on the history of the collaboration of the Zionist leaders with the Nazis,

a collaboration that led to an almost hundred per cent annihilation of the Jewish part of the Czech people..."

From: "Azia i Afrika Sevodnia" ("Asia & Africa Today") no. 2 (February) 1979
(Moscow, monthly)
by N.Shkabich

"ZIONISM- THE TRUTH AND THE FABRICATIONS"

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"... Material proving the collaboration of the Zionists with the Nazis during the Second World War is contained in the article by 1.Bogatka, "ASSISTANTS TO THE NAZI MURDERERS (WHEN THE DIARY OF A ZIONIST SPOKE)". In particular, the author shows that the Nazis strove to exploit the Zionist leaders to Influence the US government (where the Influence of the Zionists was strong) in order to ensure the neutrality of the United States during the war. 1.Bogatka uses the material of the diary of a Zionist leader of the ghetto in the town of Theresienstadt, E. Redlich, from which it can be seen how the Zionist organization, "Maccabee Hatsair", helped the deportation to concentration camps of the so-called assimilated Jews.

The articles....make it possible to see clearly that the collaboration of the Zionists with the Nazis on a class basis, is not a historical accident. In addition, the racist terminology and the government practice of the leadership In Israel in relation to the non-Jews in its territory, is similar in many things with the practice of the Nazis..."

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"... Class causes also predetermined the non-resistance of Zionists" to Hitler's fascism and even collaboration with it. The Zionists did not protest against Nazi barbarity for the simple reason that they, proceeding from their anti-communist strategy, collaborated with the Nazi regime.

...

towards

April of 1938 in Germany almost 40 thousand Jewish firms continued to conduct their business there and many of these firms made sizeable contributions to the re-arming of the Wehrmacht.

The Zionist-Nazi alllance did not fall apart during the war either,

when the mass annibilation of the Jews began...in the Ghettoes created by the Nazis, the "Judenrats" were directed by the Zionists, Bundovites and Rabbis who, under the pretext of saving the lives of the prisoners, suppressed any resistance to the Nazi butchers. ... Polish researchers... point out that the special Zionist organizations created by SS-men, the "Trzynastka" (the thirteen tr.) denounced

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to its Nazi masters Jewish members of the underground in Warsaw and in other cities and that agents of that organization, on the instructions of the occupiers, spied after anti-fascists in Vilnius, Belostok and Lvov. Zionists sent their agents into death camps, they helped to send Jewish women, old men and children to Maldanek and Auschwitz. In the occupied Polish territory there operated during the war an "anti-Soviet League", directed by Zionists...."

From: "Komsomolskoye Znamia" March 28, 1979 (Kiev, dally)

"THE BLACK HUNDRED OF IMPERIALISM" - by M.Starushko

"... There are many facts that reveal the hypocrisy of the Zionists and testify to the collaboration between the Zionists and the fascists during the Second World War. Here is one fact only, but it is quite eloquent and horrifying in its criminality. Towards the start of the Second World War there lived in Hungary about half a million of citizens of Jewish nationality. The leader of the Zionists in that country was Rudolf Kastner, a member of the administration of the World Zionist Organization. And so Kastner, trying to save his own skin and the skins of his Zionist colleagues, entered into direct negotiations with the Institution headed by A. Eichmann, engaged in the annihilation of the Jewish population in the lands subjugated by the fascists. As a result of these negotiations an agreement was reached between Kastner and Eichman, the main points of which remained a secret from the public for many years. These points were that the fascists agreed to let out of the borders of Hungary several hundreds of persons of Jewish nationality according to the lists, these persons were leaders of Zionists, members of their familles, the richest among the Jewish community and a certain number of healthy young people who later helped that top clique to organize a settlement in Palestine.

But for this favour the fascists demanded that Kastner and his friends should convince the remaining Jewish population of Hungary that the fascists were allegedly prepared to let all Jews leave the borders of the country, but the Jews should appear at definite times in the points of gathering named by the

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fascists. When the Nazis had previously offered a similar agreement, the common Jews did not believe them and they were absolutely right not to. However, when their own leaders, their elder brothers in faith and blood as they put it began to persuade them to do this, the great majority of the Jews did believe them. And almost all of them found themselves in concentration camps where many of them were annihilated.

In 1948 R. Kasnter entered the composition of the first Israeli government. Later on he also held high posts in the State of Israel. It was only later, when the trial of the fascist butcher, A.Eichmann, was taking place in Jerusalem, Eichman, sensing that his end was near, began to 'Involve' his judges. In particular, he told about the deal with Kastner. However, before it was decided to arrest that traitor to his people, he was already dead. Not of his own free will: the Zionist top clique did not at all want that some more facts of their betrayal and some of their actions should become known to the public.

This fact is far from being the only one.... Among those who financed the National-Socialist Party of Germany were Jewish bankers, and not in Germany itself alone, but also in other countries of Europe. The Zionists welcomed the coming of the Nazi party to power, hoping to use the policy of genocide the fascists were conducting in the interest of the emigration of Jews from the Reich to Palestine. The Zionists paid the fascists for the support of creating a large Jewish community in Palestine. Jewish pogroms in Germany were not against the rich, most of whom had had time to emigrate and to transfer their capital abroad. Moreover, the Hitlerites even recognized a number of bankers as Aryans: Mendelosn, Oppenheim, Hagen...

Himmler and Canaris used Zionists as reliable agents in other countries, In particular in Sweden and England....

In 1935, the prominent Zionist, Levi Eshkol, who later became a Prime Minister of Israel, was in Berlin ensuring the moving of Jewish youth to Palestine. In 1936 the Zionists organized in Warsaw a demonstration, whose main slogan was: "ITALY TO MUSSOLINI, GERMANY TO HITLER, PALESTINE TO US!". The Zlonists met with satisfaction Hitler's attack on Poland, hoping for an increase of Jewish emigration from Poland to Palestine. And when an uprising began in the Warsaw ghetto, the Zionists betrayed It.

In July of 1941, In Lvov, the fascists formed a so-called "Judenrat", made up of Zionists. Its basis was the "service of order", which numbered about 750 Jewish policemen. They made up the lists of those sent to concentration camps, they robbed and killed children, women and old men of Jewish nationality. At the same time they hid and saved rich Jewish men and Zionist activists..."

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