ammunition had to come farther to reach them; then their force was weakened by leaving guards behind them, and, besides, Joffre's reserves were ready outside of Paris.

The retreat of the British Expeditionary Force after the battle of Mons is one of the memorable events of the war. "Contemptible little army" they had been called by the Kaiser; little indeed they were, but contemptible, never. Their orders were to delay the German advance and to prevent General von

out their task, contesting every inch of ground, dying by the hundreds, but not defeated.

While the English were fighting against von Kluck's army, another army of Germans was invading France through the neutral Duchy of Luxemburg, and still another, under the Crown Prince, was making its way by Lorraine and the fortress of Metz into France.

These armies had one direction, one aim, one end-Paris. Nearer and nearer they came; they crossed the river

Aisne, they crossed the Marne, and their guns could be heard in the streets of Paris. The government left Paris for Bordeaux; every one thought the city was doomed.

Then came that great event of the

war:

THE BATTLE OF THE MARNE

Marne to the Aisne; it saved Paris; it saved France.

THE DEADLOCK IN 1914

Though the Germans had retreated and for the moment had given up hope of wiping out the French army and capturing Paris, they were not defeated. They intrenched themselves along the

"Who turned the Germans back at the Marne?" a French soldier was asked.

"God," was his answer.

Some say that it was the unconquerable spirit of the French, typified in General Joffre's order not to give up another foot of French soil.

Even the historians differ. One lays it to the defeat of the Crown Prince's army near Verdun and Nancy. On account of the stand of the French, he failed to advance; and therefore the general plan was altered and the other armies had to fall back. Another historian says that when General von Kluck swung his army toward the southeast he was ignorant of the numbers of French and English on his and English on his flank waiting to fall upon him, and of the chance of an offensive he was giving them. Another man insists that the St.-Gond marsh into which the Ger.mans retreated helped the defeat. Whatever the cause, the facts are these:

On the 6th of September von Kluck turned the direction of his army to the southeast across the defenses of Paris, exposing his flank to attack. General Joffre, having retreated to favorable ground, brought up his reserves—some even being sent from Paris in taxicabsand for the first time took the offensive. This offensive, which lasted five days and comprised many battles, was what we call the battle of the Marne. It drove the Germans back across the

that new kind of warfare called trench warfare. "No Man's Land," to "dig in," going "over the top," "dugouts, "pill-boxes," "barrages," "hand grenades," "snipers," "cooties" are all familiar words and phrases to us now, and we forget that in their present meaning they did not exist before 1914. They are all the product of trench warfare. We have seen maps of the zigzag lines of trenches and pictures of trench-marked fields; we know something of the life of the trenches, of the terrible shelling, of the bomb-proof dugouts; we have read stories of machine-gunners, of patrols, of tunneling and mines; and so familiar are we with the language and general idea of the trenches that we do not realize that modern trench warfare began only a few years ago, when the Germans intrenched themselves after the battle of the Marne.

The furious but vain attempts of the French and English to drive the Germans from their trenches in 1914 make up the battle of the Aisne.

In the meanwhile, the battle line was extending itself. extending itself. The Germans, not being able to capture Paris, made a rush for the Channel ports. "On to Calais" was the slogan. To capture these ports would have been a great feather in their cap and a handicap to the British; it would have interfered with the passage of English soldiers and supplies across the Channel and it also would have served as a place from

which to attack England. But again Germany was defeated in her purpose. Antwerp fell in October, 1914, but the French line held fast below Arras, the Belgians at the river Yser, and the British at Ypres. The bloody battles of Ypres are famous. Though the Germans were superior in numbers, though they sent into battle their supposedly invincible Prussian Guard, they could not break the British line. It held.

Thus, at the end of 1914 we find the war at a deadlock. Germany, it is true, was in possession of most of Belgium and great bits of France; but she had

not defeated the Allies. For nearly two hundred miles the two lines faced each other-from Switzerland to the sea.

GALLIPOLI-A TRAGIC FAILURE

We have all heard Turkey described as the "Sick Man of Europe." This country, although weak politically, has controlled Constantinople and the Dardanelles; and these two places have been for centuries the source of contention and envy among the nations.

The Germans in their dream of world conquest included the East, and Constantinople is the gateway to the East.

Therefore, long before the war broke out Germany succeeded in getting an influence over the weak Turk, and under her guidance Turkey declared war on the Allies in November, 1914, and closed the Dardanelles to commerce. Now Russia had three outlets by sea: Archangel up in the north, which is closed early in the fall on account of ice; the Baltic, which was closed by the German fleet; and the Black Sea, through the Bosporus, past Constantinople, the Sea of Marmora, and the Dardanelles. Thus the entrance of Turkey into the war meant that Russia was cut off from her allies; she could not ship them her huge harvest of wheat, neither could they send her the ammunition and guns which she so sorely needed.

Therefore, in 1915 the English and French made an attempt to force open the Dardanelles. Their success would have meant the collapse of Turkey and of Germany's ambitions in the East; the freeing of Russian trade and the settling of the whole troublesome Balkan question by showing Greece, Bulgaria, and Rumania, which still remained neutral, the strength of the Allies.

So, February 19, 1915, a combined French and English fleet began the bombardment of the Dardanelles forts. The Dardanelles is a narrow strait forty-five miles long, which leads from the Sea of Marmora to the Egean Sea. On one side is the coast of Asia; on the other, the peninsula of Gallipoli. Under German supervision both coasts both coasts had been fortified with forts and big guns, and the waters of the Dardanelles were strewn with mines.

The Allies first tried to force a passage by naval operations alone. With the guns of their battleships and cruisers they bombarded the Turkish forts and some they silenced. But their mine-sweepers were not able to clear away all the floating mines, and

these, swept down by the quick current, caused the loss of three ships. Therefore they gave up the attempt and decided to wait until a land force arrived to coöperate with them.

It has since come out, through the revelations of Ambassador Morgenthau, that the Turks were short of ammunition and were all prepared to open the Dardanelles and give up Constantinople. But of this the French and English knew nothing, so they withdrew. If they had held on a few days longer the course of the war might indeed have been different, and Gallipoli would not stand out as the grave of thousands of gallant men.

On April 25th a force of French and Anzacs (Australian and New Zealand army corps) landed at five different spots on the peninsula of Gallipoli. But the Turks were ready for their coming. They had sent reinforcements to their army, and had strengthened their fortifications. They had made trenches across Gallipoli from which to defend themselves, and had built wire entanglements even below the water's edge. In spite of the fire from the Allied fleet, their machine guns swept the incoming boat-loads of troops. The soldiers had to land under a steady fire; but land they did, these brave Anzacs, and with persistence forced the Turks back. The campaign lasted many months. The Turks retreated gradually; but the advantages were with them. The country was hilly and rocky and rocky and gave them every opportunity for defense. They were plucky fighters and the advances of the Allies were costly. Besides, the French and English soldiers were having trouble in getting water. There was none to be had on land, and they could not seem to transport it in sufficient quantities. The soldiers suffered from thirst. So, at last, the ill-fated expedition was given up. The Allies withdrew their