discuss House Concurrent Resolution 54, expressing the sense of the Congress with respect to implementation of the International Whaling Commission moratorium on commercial whaling.

On June 19, 1985, the subcommittee agreed, by unanimous consent, to report favorably H. Con. Res. 54 for full committee consideration. It was marked up by the full committee on September 19, 1985. The resolution was also referred to the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, which took no action on the resolution.

Testimony was received from Robert J. McManus, General Counsel, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, as well as representatives from non-governmental organizations. The hearing was published as "U.S. Policy with Respect to the International Protection of Whales."

8. Human Rights in Romania.-The subcommittee met jointly with the Subcommittee on Europe and the Middle East to examine human rights in Romania on May 14, 1985. Witnesses discussed Romania's Most Favored Nation status.

Testimony was received from Gary Matthews, Senior Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs, as well as witnesses from non-governmental organizations. The hearing was published as "Human Rights in Romania.'

9. U.S. Policy on Biological Diversity.-The subcommittee met on June 6, 1985, to discuss U.S. policy on biological diversity.

On October 3, 1985, the subcommittee met to markup H.R. 2957, to amend the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 to protect tropical forests in developing countries and H.R. 2958, to amend the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 to protect biological diversity in developing countries. The bills were favorably reported by the full committee on December 11, 1985 and are awaiting action by the House of Representatives.

Among the witnesses were Dr. John Eriksson, Deputy Assistant Administrator of the Bureau for Science and Technology at the Agency for International Development; Hon. Andrew Maguire, Vice President for Public Affairs at World Resources Institute, and former Member of Congress from the State of New Jersey; and Hon. Russell Train, President of World Wildlife Fund and former administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency. The hearing was published as "U.S. Policy on Biological Diversity."

10. Religious Persecution in the Soviet Union, Part I (Soviet Jewry).-On September 11, 1985, the subcommittee met jointly with the Subcommittee on Europe and the Middle East to examine religious persecution in the Soviet Union, particularly Soviet Jews. Religious Persecution in the Soviet Union, Part II, was reviewed during the 99th Congress, second session, on July 30, 1986.

The subcommittees received testimony from Hon. Edward Derwinski, Counselor of the Department of State and former Member of Congress from the State of Illinois and from representatives of non-governmental organizations. The hearing was published as "Religious Persecution in the Soviet Union, Part I (Soviet Jewry)." 11. U.S. Policy in the United Nations.-The subcommittee met jointly with the Subcommittee on International Operations on September 18, October 29, and December 4, 1985 to examine U.S.

policy in the United Nations during the 40th anniversary of that institution.

Among the witnesses were Hon. Vernon Walters, U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations; Hon. Jeane J. Kirkpatrick, former U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and senior fellow with the American Enterprise institute; Hon. Arkady N. Shevchenko, former Under Secretary General of the United Nations for Political and Security Council Affairs and former personal political advisor to Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei A. Gromyko; Hon. Elliot Richardson, Chairman of the United Nations Association of the U.S.A. and former Attorney General of the United States; and several private witnesses. The hearings are printed as "U.S. Policy in the United Nations."

12. Human Rights and Political Developments in the People's Republic of China.-The subcommittee met jointly with the Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific Affairs on October 10 and October 31, 1985 to examine human rights and political developments in the P.R.C. including their alleged policy on forced abortion. Testimony was received from James Lilley, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs; Judith Banister, Center for International Research Division, Bureau of the Census; and private witnesses. The hearing was published as "Political Developments and Human Rights in the People's Republic of China."

13. Human Rights and Food Aid in Ethiopia.-The subcommittee met jointly with the Subcommittee on Africa to examine human rights and food aid in Ethiopia on October 16, 1985.

Testifying before the subcommittee were Hon. Toby Roth, Member of Congress from the State of Wisconsin; Hon. Chester Crocker, Assistant Secretary of State from the Bureau of African Affairs; and private witnesses. The hearing was printed as "Human Rights and Food Aid in Ethiopia.'

14. U.S. Decision To Withdraw from the International Court of Justice.-The subcommittee met on October 30, 1985 to examine the administration's October 7, 1985 announcement that the United States will no longer accept the compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice, ending a 39-year-old policy declared by President Harry Truman in 1946.

Testifying before the subcommittee were Hon. Jim Leach, Member of Congress from the State of Iowa; Hon. Abraham D. Sofaer, Legal Adviser, Department of State; Hon. Leonard Meeker, former Legal Adviser, Department of State; and a private witness. The hearing was printed as "U.S. Decision to Withdraw from the International Court of Justice."

15. Human Rights in Peru.-The subcommittee met jointly with the Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere Affairs to discuss the human rights situation in Peru on November 13, 1985.

Testifying before the subcommittees were Hon. Don Bonker, Member of Congress from the State of Washington; Hon. Elliott Abrams, Assistant Secretary of State, Bureau of Inter-American Affairs; and representatives from human rights organizations. The hearing was published as "Human Rights in Peru.'

16. Human Rights in Liberia.-On January 23, 1986, the subcommittee met jointly with the Subcommittee on Africa to examine the human rights situation in Liberia, including the imprisonment of

Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf for exercising her freedom of speech in the United States. The subcommittees discussed H. Res. 367, expressing the sense of the House of Representatives regarding the furnishing of assistance for the Republic of Liberia and for other purposes.

Testimony was received from Hon. Chester A. Crocker, Assistant Secretary of State, Bureau of African Affairs, and other private witnesses. The hearing was published as "Liberia: Recent Developments and United States Foreign Policy."

17. U.S. Human Rights Policy.-On February 19, 1986, the subcommittee met to receive testimony from the new Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs, Hon. Richard Schifter. On February 26, 1986, the subcommittee continued its oversight activities of U.S. human rights policy by receiving testimony from various human rights organizations. The subcommittee heard testimony about the role human rights plays in the conduct of American foreign policy. The hearing was published as "U.S. Human Rights Policy."

18. Recent Developments Concerning Dr. Andrei Sakharov.-On March 18, 1986, the subcommittee met jointly with the Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service to receive testimony on recent developments concerning Dr. Andrei Sakharov and allegations of Soviet tampering with Sakharov family's mail. The subcommittees received reports of thousands of examples of Soviet mail interference.

In addition to testimony received by Alexei Semyonov, Dr. Sakharov's stepson, the subcommittees also heard testimony from Mark Palmer, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for European and Canadian Affairs; Walter Duka, Assistant Postmaster General for International Postal Affairs, U.S. Postal Service; Steve Grantham, document examiner, Federal Bureau of Investigation; and a witness from a non-governmental organization. The hearing was printed as "Developments Concerning Dr. Andrei Sakharov."

19. Impact of Gramm-Rudman-Hollings on U.S. Contributions to International Organizations.-On March 12, 1986, the subcommittee met jointly with the Subcommittee on International Operations to receive testimony from the State Department regarding the impact of reduced U.S. contributions to the United Nations and other international organizations. Secretary Keyes indicated that if the United Nations met the basic reforms the United States desires that the State Department would request a supplemental appropriation for the U.N.

The witnesses were Hon. Vernon Walters, U.S. Permanent Representative to the United Nations, and Hon. Alan Keyes, Assistant Secretary of State, Bureau of International Organization Affairs. The hearing was printed as the "Impact of Gramm-Rudman-Hollings on U.S. Contributions to International Organizations."

20. Political Developments and Human Rights in the Republic of Korea.-On April 16, 1986, the subcommittee met jointly with the Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific Affairs to hear testimony on human rights and the political situation in South Korea, in light of the recent petition campaign for revision of the Korean Constitution that would allow direct election to choose a successor to President Chun Doo Hwan.

Among other witnesses, the subcommittees heard tesimony from Hon. Thomas Foglietta, a Representative in Congress from the State of Pennsylvania; Hon. Gaston Sigur, Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs; and Rear Adm. Edward Baker, Jr. Acting Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for East Asian and Pacific Affairs. The hearing was published as "Political Developments and Human Rights in the Republic of Korea."

21. Allegations Concerning Dr. Kurt Waldheim.-The subcommittee met, on April 22, 1986, to hear recent allegations made by the World Jewish Congress that Dr. Kurt Waldheim covered up his past affiliations with Nazi organizations, and that he may have been involved in war crimes, and whether this would impact on Dr. Waldheim being included on a "watch list" of persons to be denied entry to the United States.

Among the witnesses were Hon. Stephen J. Solarz, a Representative in Congress from the State of New York; Hon. Karl Gruber, former First Austrian Foreign Minister (1945) and former Austrian Ambassador to the United States; Gerhard Waldheim, son of Dr. Kurt Waldheim; as well as private witnesses. The hearing was published as "Allegations Concerning Dr. Kurt Waldheim."

22. Human Rights and Political Development in Panama.-The subcommittee met jointly with the Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere Affairs on April 29 and July 23, 1986 to hear testimony regarding the situation in Panama, in light of allegations of massive voter fraud in an earlier presidential election, the murder of a prominent political figure, and allegations that the chief of the Panamanian Defense Forces, General Manuel Antonio Noriega, is involved in drug smuggling and money laundering.

The subcommittees heard testimony from Hon. Elliott Abrams, Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs, accompanied by James Thyden, Director, Office of Human Rights and Ĥumanitarian Affairs, Hon. Jack Vaughn, former U.S. Ambassador to Panama; and private witnesses. The hearing was published as "Human Rights and Political Developments in Panama."

23. Review of the U.N. Commission on Human Rights.-The subcommittee met on June 25, 1986 to exercise its oversight over the U.N. Commission on Human Rights, and in particular, U.S. participation during the 42nd session in Geneva. Several witnesses from the human rights organizations commented that U.S. representation at the commission meetings has improved over the last few years, but all the witnesses suggested further changes. The nongovernmental witnesses also stressed the negative impact of the reduction of U.S. contributions to the United Nations on the human rights programs at the Commission on Human Rights.

In addition to witnesses from human rights organizations, the subcommittee heard testimony from Hon. Richard Schifter, Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs, and former U.S. Representative to the U.N. Commission on Human Rights; accompanied by Laura Genero, Deputy Assistant Secretary for International Organization Affairs, and Alternate Representative to the U.N. Commission on Human Rights. The hearing was published as "Review of the U.N. Commission on Human Rights.'

24. Religious Persecution in the Soviet Union (Part II).-The subcommittee met jointly with the Subcommittee on Europe and the Middle East on July 30, 1986 to discuss religious persecution in the Soviet Union of Christians, Muslims, and other religious groups. During the first session of the 99th Congress, on September 11, 1985, the subcommittees reviewed religious persecution of Soviet Jewry. That hearing was published as "Religious Persecution in the Soviet Union, Part I-Soviet Jewry."

The witnesses included Hon. Edward Derwinski, Counselor, Department of State and former Member of Congress from the State of Illinois; and Richard Schifter, Assistant Secretary of State for the Bureau of Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs; and private witnesses. The hearing was printed as "Religious Persecution in the Soviet Union (Part II)."

25. Legislative Responses to Africa's Long-term Development Needs.-The subcommittee met jointly with the Subcommittee on Africa on August 7 and September 23, 1986, to receive testimony from governmental and organization representatives, environmental, development foundations, public policy committees, economic commissions, and relief organizations to review ways in which the United States can promote environmentally-sound development programs that will attempt to meet the long-term development needs of the continent.

Among the numerous witnesses testifying were: Hon. Benjamin A. Gilman, Member of Congress from the State of New York; Hon. Claudine Schneider, Member of Congress from the State of Rhode Island; Roy Stacy, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State, Bureau of African Affairs; Mark Edelman, Deputy Administrator of A.I.D. for Africa; and James Conrow, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Treasury for Developing Nations. The hearing will be printed as "Legislative Responses to Africa's Long-term Development Needs."

26. Cuban Political Prisoners.-The subcommittee met, on September 24, 1986, to examine the status of Cuban political prisoners. The subcommittee also reviewed U.S immigration policy for political prisoners who have been released from Cuban jails.

Among the witnesses were Hon. Elliott Abrams, Assistant Secretary of State for the Bureau of Inter-American Affairs; accompanied by Hon. Richard Schifter, Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs; and private witnesses. The hearing was printed as "Cuban Political Prisoners."

27. The Illegal Detention of Pjeter Ivezaj, a U.S. Citizen Imprisoned in Yugoslavia.-The subcommittee met on October 2, 1986 to examine the plight of Pjeter Ivezaj, an American citizen of Albanian descent from Yugoslavia. For having attended a protest in front of the Yugoslavian Embassy in Washington, DC, in 1981, he was imprisoned in August when he returned to his former homeland to visit relatives.

The witness was Hon. William S. Broomfield, a Member of Congress from the State of Michigan, representing his constitutent. The hearing was printed along with an October 8, 1986, briefing on the plight of ethnic Albanians in Yugoslavia as "Persecution of the Albanian Minority in Yugoslavia."

28. Review of H.R. 4568.—The subcommittee met jointly with the Subcommittee on International Operations on October 2, 1986, to