sion and what can be done about it; the major foreign policy problems and challenges confronting the U.S. in the region over the next few years; and the degree to which the United States should seek to engage the Soviet Union on Middle East issues and toward what objective. Participating in the panel discussion were: Michael C. Hudson, Director of the Center for Contemporary Arab Studies, Georgetown University; Martin Indyk, Executive Director of the Washington Institute for Near East Policy; the Honorable Samuel W. Lewis, former U.S. Ambassador to Israel; and William B. Quandt, Acting Director of the Foreign Policy Studies Program, The Brookings Institution.

The panel discussion was printed under the title, "Roundtable Discussion on U.S. Policy Toward the Middle East."

(b) Islamic Fundamentalism.-On June 24, July 15 and September 30, 1985, the subcommittee held a series of hearings to examine Islamic fundamentalism and radicalism in the Middle East, and the problem this movement has caused for the United States policy throughout the Islamic world and for efforts to promote peace in the Middle East. The hearings also examined the Iran-Iraq war and the nature of Islamic fundamentalism, the reasons for its antiAmerican expressions and how the United States should cope with this issue. Testimony was heard from various private witnesses with expertise on the Middle East and in the field of Islamic stud

ies.

The hearings were printed under the title, "Islamic Fundamentalism and Islamic Radicalism."

(c) The Media, Diplomacy and Terrorism.-On July 30, 1985 following a terrorist hijacking incident in Europe, the subcommittee held a hearing to examine the role of the media in terrorist incidents in the Middle East and the impact of media coverage upon the President's ability to conduct diplomacy in the region, particularly during the crisis situation such as a hostage-taking or hijacking. Testimony was heard from the Honorable Thomas A. Luken, a Representative in Congress from the State of Ohio; Mr. Jody Powell, synicated columnist and press secretary to former President Carter; Fred W. Friendly from the Columbia Graduate School of Journalism; Ben Bagdikian, from the School of Journalism at the University of California, Berkeley; representatives from NBC News, CBS News, ABC News; and Cable News Network (CNN); and various private witnesses.

The hearing was printed under the title, "The Media, Diplomacy and Terrorism in the Middle East."

Other Activities

1. Briefings with the Department of State.-On a regular basis, when Congress was in session, the subcommittee held informal, offthe-record briefings on foreign policy issues relating to U.S. policies in Europe and the Middle East. The briefings were given primarily by officials from the Department of State.

Topics of discussion included: developments in the Israeli economic reform program; U.S.-Soviet relations; efforts to restart the Middle East peace talks; the Middle East Arms Transfer Study; U.S.-Iraqi relations; U.S.-Israeli relations; status of negotiations

concerning Cyprus; developments in Europe; and U.S. policy priorities in Europe and Eastern Europe; the status of UNIFIL forces in Lebanon; and the Administration's proposed arms sales to Saudi Arabia.

In the context of these meetings, the subcommittee also met with several U.S. Ambassadors serving overseas including: The Honorable Arthur Hartman, U.S. Ambassador to the Soviet Union; the Honorable Nicholas A. Veliotes, U.S. Ambassador to Egypt; the Honorable William L. Eagleton, Jr., U.S. Ambassador to Syria; the Honorable Samuel Lewis, U.S. Ambassador to Israel; the Honorable Thomas Pickering, U.S. Ambassador to Israel; the Honorable William J. Middendorf, U.S. Ambassador to the European Community; the Honorable David G. Newton, U.S. Ambassador to Iraq; and the Honorable Richard W. Boehm, U.S. Ambassador to Cyprus. 2. Briefings with the Department of Defense:

(a) Arab-Israeli Military Balance.-On February 20, 1985, the subcommittee met in closed session with representatives of the Defense Intelligence Agency to discuss the Arab-Israeli military bal

ance.

(b) Middle East Arms Transfer Study.-On September 10, 1985, the subcommittee met with Lt. General Philip C. Gast, Director, Defense Security Assistance Agency, to discuss the Administration's Middle East Arms Transfer Study.

3. Other Briefings:

(a) Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.-On January 24, 1985 the subcommittee met in closed session with representatives from the Central Intelligence Agency to discuss developments in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.

(b) Middle East.-On January 28, 1985 the subcommittee met in closed session with representatives from the Central Intelligence Agency to discuss developments in the Middle East.

(c) İraq.-On June 17, 1985, the subcommittee met in closed session with the U.S. Chargé to Iraq to discuss U.S.-Iraqi relations and the Iran-Iraq war.

(d) Proposed Arms Sales to Jordan.-On October 29, 1985 the subcommittee met in closed session with representatives from the General Accounting Office to discuss the Administration's proposed arms sales package for Jordan.

(e) Hostages in Beirut.-On October 29, 1985 the subcommittee met privately with family members and representatives of the remaining American hostages in Lebanon.

(f) 27th Soviet Party Congress.-On March 11, 1986 the subcommittee met in closed session with representatives of the Central Intelligence Agency to discuss the results of the 27th Soviet Party Congress.

(g) Chernobyl-On May 7, 1986 the subcommittee, together with the Subcommittee on Arms Control, International Security and Science, met in closed session with representatives of the Central Intelligence Agency to discuss the nuclear accident at the Chernobyl, nuclear power plant in Ukraine, U.S.S.R.

(h) Oil Price Declines.-On August 6, 1986 the subcommittee met in closed session with representatives of the Central Intelligence Agency to discuss the implications of the oil price declines.

4. Meetings with Foreign Dignitaries.-The subcommittee chairman hosted meetings during the 99th Congress with many visiting dignitaries from Europe and the Middle East.

CRS Studies

1. The German Question.-This study, prepared by the Foreign Affairs and National Defense Division of CRS, analyzes the present status of the German question and the future of the issue of German reunification. It examines the role of the German question in East-West relations and the position of the Soviet Union, the United States and of Germany's neighbors on the issue of eventual German reunification.

The study entitled "The German Question Forty Years After Yalta" was published in June, 1985.

2. U.S. Military Installations in NATO's Southern Region.-This study, prepared by the Foreign Affairs and National Defense Division of CRS, discusses U.S. military installations in five NATO countries-Portugal, Spain, Italy, Greece and Turkey. It briefly reviews the U.S. political-military relationship with each nation and each nation's relationship with NATO. The principal focus is on the major military installations in each country, their missions, and the defense agreements governing their use by the United States, and highlights issues involved in continued access to and use of these installations by U.S. military forces.

The study entitled "U.S. Military Installations in NATO's Southern Region" was published in October, 1986.

GAO Studies

In furtherance of both his legislative and oversight responsibilities, the chairman of the subcommittee requested the General Accounting Office to prepare the following studies which would be of interest to the subcommittee:

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1. Arms Export Control Act: Purpose and Use of Selected Provisions. This unclassified report examines certain provisions of the Arms Export Control Act (AECA) designed to improve defense cooperation with NATO allies, each provision's intended purpose, how these provisions have been applied, and the extent to which they have been used.

The report was published January 15, 1986 under the title "Arms Export Control Act Purpose and Use of Selected Provisions."

2. Cooperative Agreement between the United States and The Federal Republic of Germany. This unclassified report examines the status of, and unresolved issues related to, the United StatesGerman agreement on cooperative measures for enhancing air defense for Central Europe. It reviews the legislation authorizing the agreement and background material about the agreement and its implementing provisions.

The report was published January 15, 1986 under the title "Air Defense: Cooperative Agreement between the United States and the Federal Republic of Germany."

3. Economic Support Fund.-This unclassifed report examines whether any Economic Support Funds (ESF) have been diverted to other uses including military use and whether control placed over

these programs leave open the possibility for diversions to unauthorized purposes.

The report was published January 1978 under the title "Foreign Aid Potential for Diversion of Economic Support Funds to Unauthorized Use."

4. The Lavi Fighter Aircraft.-This report examines the differences in cost estimates between the U.S. Department of Defense and Israel concerning the production of the Lavi fighter aircraft, and assesses the reasonableness of those cost estimates. It examines the implications of these cost estimates on future Israeli security assistance requirements, and the extent to which funds committed to the Lavi impact on the availability of funds for other Israeli Military requirements.

The report was published in February of 1987 under the title, "Foreign Assistance Analysis of Cost Estimate for the Lavi Aircraft.'

C. Subcommittee on Human Rights and International

Organizations

(Mr. Yatron, Chairman)

Hearings

1. U.N. Vote on Hazardous Products.-On January 31, 1985, the subcommittee met to examine the solitary U.S. vote against the U.N. resolution on hazardous products, which occurred in the wake of the Bhopal disaster.

Testifying before the subcommittee were Hon. Stephen J. Solarz, Member of Congress from the State of New York; Hon. Gregory Newell, Assistant Secretary of State for the Bureau of International Organization Affairs, accompanied by Joseph Richardson; and Hon. Alan Keyes, U.S. Representative to the U.N. Economic and Social Council. The hearing was printed as "U.N. Vote on Hazardous Products."

2. Foreign Assistance Legislation for Fiscal Years 1986 and 1987.-The subcommittee held a hearing on February 10, 1985 to review voluntary contributions for international organizations and programs for fiscal years 1986 and 1987.

On March 6, 1985 the subcommittee recommended to the Foreign Affairs Committee to increase funding for UNICEF and the United Nations Development Program. The subcommittee approved the administration's request not to fund the U.N. Fellowship Program and the U.N. Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR). The subcommittee also recommended a prohibition on U.S. funds from being used for the PLO or SWAPO, to retain earmarking of funds for A.I.D. human rights program, and to include biological diversity as an objective of A.I.D. environmental programs.

Among those who testified were Hon. Jonathan Bingham, U.S. Committee for UNICEF and former Member of Congress from the State of New York; Nyle Brady, Senior Assistant Administrator, Bureau of Science and Technology, A.I.D.; Hon. Roger Kirk, Acting Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs; Hon. J. William Middendorf II, U.S. Permanent Representative to

the Organization of American States. The hearing was printed as "Foreign Assistance Legislation for Fiscal Years 1986-87 (Part 4)." 3. Administration's Fiscal Year 1986 Aid Request for Korea.-The subcommittee met jointly with the Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific Affairs to review the administration's request for aid to South Korea.

Among those who testified were Hon. William E. Brown, Deputy Assistant Secretary, East Asian Affairs, Department of State; Hon. Richard Armitage, Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security, Department of Defense; and private witnesses.

4. Human Rights in Chile.-The subcommittee met jointly with the Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere Affairs on March 20, 1985 to receive testimony on human rights in Chile.

On March 20th, the Subcommittee on Human Rights and International Organizations marked up H. Con. Res. 52; it had been marked up by the Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere Affairs on March 19, 1985. On April 3, 1985, the full Foreign Affairs Committee held an open markup session and ordered the resolution favorably reported, as amended, by voice vote. The resolution failed in the House of Representatives on April 22, 1985 under suspension of the rules, by a vote of 191 yeas and 206 nays.

The subcommittees received testimony from Hon. Bill Richardson, Member of Congress from the State of New Mexico; Gary Matthews, Senior Deputy Assistant Secretary of State, Bureau of Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs; James T. Michel, Senior Deputy Assistant Secretary of State, Bureau of Inter-American Affairs; and representatives of several human rights organizations. The hearing was published as "Human Rights in Chile.'

5. Human Rights in Haiti.—The subcommittee met on April 17, 1985 to hear testimony on human rights in Haiti. The subcommittee received testimony from Elliott Abrams, Assistant Secretary of State, Bureau of Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs; and from private witnesses. The hearing was published as "Human Rights in Haiti."

6. Micronesia: The Compact of Free Association.-The subcommittee met jointly with the Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific Affairs on April 23 and April 24, 1985 with the Subcommittee on International Operations and the Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific Affairs to examine the Compact of Free Association with Micronesia. Among the witnesses were Hon. Ben Blaz, Member of Congress from the territory of Guam; Hon. Ron de Lugo, Member of Congress from the territory of the Virgin Islands; Hon. Fofo I.F. Sunia, Member of Congress from American Samoa; Tosiwo Nakayama, President of the Federated States of Micronesia, accompanied by Vice President Bailey Olter; Vice Admiral Kent Carroll (Ret), Representative to the Trust Territories; Peter Rosenblatt, former Micronesia Status Negotiator; James Kelly, Deputy Assistant Secretary for East Asian Affairs, Department of Defense; Hon. Fred M. Zeder, Office of Micronesian Status Negotiation; and representatives of non-governmental organizations. The hearing was published as "Micronesia: The Compact of Free Association.

7. U.S. Policy with Respect to the International Protection of Whales.-The subcommittee met on May 8, 1985 to review U.S. policy with respect to the international protection of whales and to