of State, in these events. Deputy Secretary Whitehead stated it was his impression that the idea for the Iranian initiative came from the National Security Advisor, and that the Department of State finds it difficult to cope with operational activities of the National Security Council. In addition, Deputy Secretary Whitehead stated his opinion that these developments call for a review of the functioning of the National Security Council. Members also discussed with Deputy Secretary Whitehead the question of whether laws were violated with respect to congressional notification.

On December 8, 1986, the committee continued its series of hearings with Hon. George P. Shultz, Secretary of State, and former National Security Advisor Robert C. McFarlane. Both witnesses testified under oath. Secretary Shultz stated his intention to provide as much information as possible, noting, however, that much relevant material was classified; however, the Secretary stated his willingness to provide further information in a closed session. Secretary Shultz testified that the U.S. Ambassador to Lebanon had just informed him that he had participated in numerous communications with staff of the National Security Council regarding the Iran initiative. Secretary Shultz then stated that he had instructed Ambassador Kelly to return to Washington and bring any records of such communications which would be made available to the Federal Bureau of Investigation and other investigative bodies. Former National Security Advisor McFarlane testified that he was informed by Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North of the diversion of profits from the sale of arms to Iran to the Nicaraguan resistance during their trip to Tehran in May of 1985. Mr. McFarlane also disclosed the Administration's view that the President's oral approval in August of 1985 to ship arms to Iran carried the same legal force as a written intelligence finding. Later that day, Mr. McFarlane also testified before the committee in a closed session.

On December 9, 1986, former National Security Advisor Adm. John M. Poindexter and former National Security Council staff member, Lt. Col. Oliver North appeared before the committee and were sworn in by Chairman Fascell. Both witnesses were accompanied by their attorneys. Admiral Poindexter's attorney made a statement, assuring the committee of his client's intent to cooperate, but stating that the Admiral would invoke his constitutional rights. Admiral Poindexter read his prepared statement, declaring his intent to cooperate with the committee in its investigation at some future time. In response to questions posed by Members of the committee, Admiral Poindexter invoked his constitutional rights pursuant to the fifth amendment of the Constitution of the United States. Lieutenant Colonel North, who was served a subpoena to appear before the committee, also invoked his constitutional right not to answer questions at the present time; however, Lieutenant Colonel North did indicate that he would relate his story in the future.

The committee continued its hearings on December 10, 1986, in a closed session with Central Intelligence Agency Director William Casey. Hearings by the committee on the foreign policy implications of the Iranian initiative will continue in the 100th Congress.

2. Briefings

Throughout the 99th Congress, the committee conducted briefings, both in open and closed sessions, to keep abreast of events in various troubled areas of the world. Specifically, briefings were held on the status of the Caribbean Basin Initiative, the African famine situation, the situation in Central America, the situation in the Middle East, earthquake damage in Mexico, the terrorist threat in Central America, the situation in Haiti, the Gramm-Rudman budget process and its effect on foreign assistance programs, terrorism in Europe, the Chernobyl nuclear disaster, U.S.-Soviet relations, and the Reykjavik summit between the United States and the Soviet Union. Continuous briefings were held throughout 1985 and 1986 on the Geneva arms control talks and the international narcotics control situation.

VI. SUBCOMMITTEE ACTIVITIES

A. Subcommittee on Arms Control, International Security and

Science

(Mr. Fascell, Chairman)

Hearings

1. Arms Control and Disarmanent Agency.-The subcommittee met on March 20, 1985 to hear from the Director of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency on the administration's proposal for a fiscal year 1985 supplemental of $1.867 million and for a fiscal year 1986 request of $25.614 million. On May 8, 1985 the subcommittee marked up H.R. 2044 and H.R. 2045 and reported out a clean bill, H.R. 2465, and forwarded the legislation to the full committee for action.

The full committee considered H.R. 2456 on May 14, 1985 and reported the bill to the House (H. Rept. 99-92.) On June 11, 1985 the Senate incorporated provisions of H.R. 2456 into H.R. 2068, State Department Authorization for fiscal years 1986 and 1987. The conference report (99-240) was filed in the House on August 1, 1985. The measure became Public Law 99-93 on August 16, 1985.

The hearings were published under the title "Arms Control and Disarmament Agency Authorization for Fiscal Years 1986-1987." 2. Security Assistance Legislation.-The subcommittee met on February 28, 1985 to review the administration's worldwide conventional arms transfer policy and security assistance requests for fiscal year 1986. Testimony was heard from the Department of State and the Defense Security Assistance Agency. The subcommittee met on March 20, 1985 and adopted a number of recommendations which were incorporated into H.R. 1555, the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1985, which was reported from the committee on April 11, 1985 (House Report 99-39). On July 11, 1985 S. 960 passed the House in lieu of H.R. 1555. The conference report (99-237) was filed on July 29, 1985. The measure became P.L. 99-83 on August 8, 1985.

The hearings and recommendations were published under the title: "Foreign Assistance Legislation for Fiscal Years 1986-87 (Part 2): Overview of Security Supporting Assistance Programs.

3. International Terrorism.-The subcommittee conducted several hearings and briefings on international terrorism in 1985. Due to the broad scope of the problem, several subcommittees have oversight jurisdiction. Therefore, most hearings were conducted at the full committee level in order to include representation from all the subcommittees. The subcommittee conducted several hearings jointly with the Subcommittee on International Operations on the subject of international terrorism. The first hearing, held on March

5, 1985 focused on the Office of Counter-Terrorism and Emergency Planning, and specifically the Anti-Terrorism Training Assistance Program in the Department of State and included testimony from Department of State witnesses. On March 21, 1985 the subcommittees focused on diplomatic security and protection and received testimony from three Department of State witnesses and a representative of the General Accounting Office.

The full committee considered H.R. 2822, the International Airport Security Cooperation Act on June 25, 1985. At that hearing testimony was received from the Department of State, the Department of Transportation, the Federal Aviation Administration as well as the International Air Transport Association and the Air Line Pilots Association. Following the hearing on June 25, 1985, the committee marked up H.R. 2822.

On July 10, 1985 the provisions of H.R. 2822 were incorporated into H.R. 1555, the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1985. H.R. 1555 was reported on April 11, 1985 (House Report 99-39). On July 11, 1985 S. 960 passed the House in lieu of H.R. 1555. The conference report (99–237) was filed on July 29, 1985. The measure became P.L. 99-83 on August 8, 1985.

The hearings were printed under the title: "International Terrorism 1985".

During 1986 the subcommittee participated in several terrorismrelated hearings. They were held on February 19, April 17 and 22, and May 16, 1986. These hearings were held jointly with the Subcommittee on International Operations and with the Committee on Public Works and Transportation's Subcommittee on Aviation. At the February 19 hearing which focused on foreign airport security, testimony was heard from officials from the Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration and the Department of State. On April 17 the focus was on the tourism aspect and the bombing of TWA 840. The travel and tourism industry testified. The effectiveness of U.S. Government policies and programs was the main topic of the April 22 hearing at which testimony was again received from the Departments of State and Transportation. The concluding hearing in the series, held on May 15, dealt with the economic impact of terrorism with testimony received from the travel industry and the Departments of Commerce and State.

These hearings were printed under the title: "Impact of International Terrorism on Travel."

4. War Powers.-In 1986 the subcommittee held three hearings on executive branch compliance with the War Powers Resolution, with a special focus on Libyan state-sponsored terrorism. The hearings were held on April 29, May 1, and May 15. Private witnesses, executive branch representatives, and Members of Congress, testified on the fundamental question of how to integrate executive branch compliance with the provisions of the War Powers Resolution with an effective strategy for dealing with state-sponsored terrorism.

These hearings were printed under the title: "War Powers, Libya, and State-Sponsored Terrorism".

5. Strategic Defense Initiative and Antisatellite Weapons Policy. In 1985 the subcommittee further examined the arms control and budgetary implications of the President's Strategic De

fense Initiative (SDI) and antisatellite (ASAT) weapons policy. The first hearing was held on April 14, 1985 with testimony from Members of Congress and private arms control experts. The subcommittee received testimony from two distinguished former Secretaries of Defense on May 1, 1985.

The hearings were published under the title: "Implications of the President's Strategic Defense Initiative and Antisatellite Weapons Policy".

6. ABM Treaty Interpretation Dispute.-On October 22, 1985 the subcommittee met to discuss the administration's policy on the ABM Treaty, specifically the administration's October announcement of their reversal of the 13-year legal interpretation of the ABM Treaty. Administration witnesses included the President's and Secretary of State's Special Advisor on Arms Control Matters, and the Legal Advisor to the Secretary of State. The private witness panel consisted of former high ranking officials who negotiated the ABM Treaty.

The hearing was published under the title: "ABM Treaty Interpretation Dispute".

7. Nuclear Test Ban Proposals.-The subcommittee held three hearings in 1985 on various proposals to bring an end to nuclear testing. Members of the House and Senate were heard from in a subcommittee hearing conducted on February 26, 1985 on H.J. Res. 3, a resolution calling on the President to request the advice and consent of the Senate for the ratification of the Threshold Test Ban Treaty and the Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty and calling for the resumption of negotiations toward a comprehensive test ban. On May 1, 1985 a hearing and markup were held. A representative of ACDA as well as private experts with scientific expertise relating to nuclear testing testified and then the measure was approved by voice vote for full committee action.

The full committee marked up H.J. Res. 3 on May 15, 1985 and ordered it favorably reported by voice vote (House Report 99-221). The hearings were printed under the title: "Proposals to Ban Nuclear Testing."

On February 26, 1986, Chairman Fascell led the Floor debate on H.J. Res. 3 which passed the House of Representatives by a vote of 268-148.

8. Arms Control and the Atomic Bomb: 40 Years Later.-In conjunction with the 40th anniversary of the dropping of the first atomic bomb, a hearing was held on May 13, 1985 to discuss the arms control implications of the atomic bomb some 40 years later. The subcommittee heard testimony from three world-renowned nuclear physicists, all of whom were involved in the development of the atomic bomb and the manhattan project.

The hearing was published under the title: "Arms Control and the Atomic Bomb: 40 Years Later".

9. Plutonium-Use Policy.-The subcommittee met on June 12, 1985 with the Subcommittee on International Economic Policy and Trade to review U.S. policies regarding nuclear fuel reprocessing and the use of separated plutonium in nuclear programs abroad. The subcommittee heard testimony from a former Commissioner of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and a former Assistant Direc