(1) The expenditure for the maintenance of all the ordinary legislative, executive, and judicial functions was less than one sixth of the total expenditures. This included the expenditures for the executive (both the President and Vice-President), for both houses of Congress, for the work of the Cabinet officers other than the secretaries of the Army and the Navy, and for the important administrative commissions such as the Interstate Commerce Commission; also for the share paid by the nation for the government of the District of Columbia.

(2) The expenditure for all the ordinary legislative, executive, and judicial functions combined was less than for either the army or the navy.

(3) The military expenditures, including pensions, care of soldiers, interest on the war debt, and expenditures for the army and

navy departments, were

$448,423,914, which ac- EXPENSES OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT counted for about two

Total, net, for 1920

thirds of the total cost of running the national government. On this page is a chart showing the expenditures of the national government for the same purposes in 1920, when our war costs were at their height. In that year the expenditure for interest on the public debt alone totaled one-fourth more than the total expenditures by the federal government for all purposes in 1915. On the War and Navy Departments combined we were spending in 1920 twice as much as the total cost of the federal government for all purposes in 1915. Our expenditure for military purposes when we were in the World War was about $9.00

out of every $10.00 spent by the national government. You can see the reason why the peoples of all nations are interested in limiting armaments and preventing war.

Those Who Do the Work of the National Government. The national government plays a large part in the well-being of each citizen of this country, whether he lives and works in this country or travels abroad. The government functions through three main branches: the executive, the legislative, and the judiciary. (Chapters XIV-XVI.)

The executive is the President of the United

The

States and the various officials appointed by him. powers and work of the President we have discussed in Chapter XVI. The most important officials of the federal government, the departments they head, and the years in which these departments were organized are:

In addition, there are many important commissions, the work of which we have already discussed, such as the Interstate Commerce Commission, the Civil Service Commission, and the Federal Trade Commission.

The chart on page 385 shows in general the form of organization of the federal government.

TOPICS FOR INVESTIGATION AND DISCUSSION

1. How do the following services aid you?

(a) Lighthouses

(b) Agricultural experiment stations

(c) Timber conservation

(d) Irrigation projects

(e) Pure food and drug laws

2. Make a list of the ways in which the work of the national government affects your community.

3. Give examples of interstate commerce; of intra-state commerce. 4. Have you any national banks in your city? state banks?

5. What officers of the national government are at work in your community? What do they do? Did any of them have to meet civil service requirements in order to qualify for their positions?

6. Why does the Constitution limit the power of Congress to appropriate money for the army to two years? Is there the same limitation as to the navy? Why?

7. Read the labels on any packages of foods that come into your home. Are any of these labels required by law? Illustrate.

8. Give examples of articles that are copyrighted; patented. 9. Select some member or a committee of the class to learn from your postmaster the important provisions as to postal savings.

10. Read the labels on any patent medicine bottles your mother may show you at home. Tell the class the contents of these labels. Were any of them required by national law?

11. When was this book copyrighted? How much longer will the copyright be effective? May the copyright be renewed?

12. Bring to the class examples of trademarks.

13. Go back over Chapter II and make a list of our needs and wants. Opposite each need or desire try to write an invention satisfying it.

14. In the chart on page 370 are shown the per capita expenditures of the Federal Government for each of the following groups from 1910 to 1924:

(a) For legislative, executive, and judicial functions (Group I)

(b) For research education and development (Group II) (c) For public works and buildings (Group III) (d) For wars past, present, and future (Groups IV-VIII), including payment of interest and principal on the war debt and other unpaid obligations arising out of our expenditures for the World War, and also the payment of pensions and for the maintenance of the army and navy The figures for each of these items are as follows:

From this table and this chart answer the following questions: (1) What was the per capita expenditure for Group I in each of the years given?

(2) For Group II?

(3) For Group III?

(4) What was the total per capita expenditure for Groups I, II, and III?

(5) How did this total for Groups I, II, and III-which represents all civil expenditures-compare with the total war expenditures? (6) For which of these purposes have federal expenditures increased since 1915?

(7) Have the expenditures for any of these purposes decreased? (8) For what purposes do most of the federal expenditures go? SUGGESTED READINGS FOR COMMITTEE REPORTS

1. The following chapters of Haskin's American Government: VIII, The Patent Office; IX, The Geological Survey; XI, The Weather Bureau; XIII, the Census Bureau; XIV, The Bureau of Standards; XVI, The Smithsonian Institution; XXIII, The Library of Congress, XXIV, The Government Printing Office.

In the light of these reports, discuss the way in which our common interests are cared for by the national government.

2. A report will now be in order on how we govern our territories and dependencies. References: Haskin's American Government, Chapter XIX; Magruder's American Government, Chapter XVI. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES FOR ADVANCED STUDENTS AND TEACHERS

1. Haskin's American Government: Chapter XXX.

2. Dawson's Organized Self-Government: Chapter XXI.

3. Hayes' American Democracy: Chapter VII.

4. Chronicles of America: Volume 47, Chapter IX.

5. Berry and Howe's Actual Democracy: Chapters VII and VIII. 6. Steiner's The Immigrant Tide.

7. Greenan and Meredith's Everyday Problems of American Democracy: Chapter X.

8. The Congressional Record.

9. The Congressional Directory.