However, the cities are left to provide for their special needs, such as sewers and tenement inspection. The work the state does to protect the health of its citizens we have discussed in Chapter III. In carrying out its duties the state provides parks and other ways for public recreation. The state also puts into its laws the qualifications of its voters, as we have discussed in Chapter XXV.

State Expenditures. The purposes for which all the states in the Union spent the tax payers' money in 1923 is shown in the chart on page 349, and in the table on page 353. In that year the states spent on the average $11.40 for each person in the states. Of this $11.40, seventy-six cents went to maintain the legislative, executive, and judicial departments, fifty cents for the protection of person and property, fortyeight cents for the development and conservation of natural resources, $3.51 for highways, twenty-two cents for the conservation of health and sanitation, $1.81 for the maintenance of charitable and correctional institutions and state hospitals, $3.49 for schools, four cents for state recreational facilities, and fifty-nine cents for miscellaneous functions.

The states are spending more in recent years for highways, for schools, and for the protection of person and property. The average payments per capita for these and other leading purposes by all states is shown in the table below for 1903 and 1923, with the increase in each item during those years.

PER CAPITA COST PAYMENTS FOR STATED FUNCTIONS FOR ALL STATES, 1903 AND 1923

The Organization of State Government. The states do their work through the state legislatures, the governor, and the state judiciary. The organization of the state legislature we have discussed in Chapter XIV. The duties and powers of the governor we have discussed in Chapter XVI, and the duties and organization of the state judiciary we have discussed in Chapter XV.

Under the governor in each state will usually be found a department to record the official acts of the governor, a

department to collect the taxes, a department to supervise the promotion of agriculture, a department of labor, a department of public welfare, a department of public health, and a department of education. The larger states will have other departments.

The organization of one of the largest states, Pennsylvania, is depicted in the chart above. The officers indicated in the circles are elected by the people, and the department heads represented by the squares are appointed by the governor. Another form of organization of the administrative departments of a state is also shown on page 349, in the chart showing the present organization of the state

of Illinois. The forms of government in these two states are chosen because they are better organized than most of the states. Most state governments are still made up of a motley assortment of independent boards and commissions. County and Township Officers. Our states are divided into counties. The officials of the counties aid state officials

THE COURT HOUSE AT AUGUSTA, GEORGIA

A beautiful building which houses the courts of law and various other county

offices.

in many ways. The county board levies taxes, appropriates moneys from the county treasury, maintains highways, builds and cares for county buildings, and supervises the elections of the county.

The county judges hold the county courts. The sheriff acts as county policeman to maintain order, and is usually in charge of the county jails. He carries out the orders of

the county courts. The county treasurer collects the taxes and takes care of the county funds. A county clerk takes care of the county records. A county school superintendent supervises the rural schools. There is also an official to record deeds, one to register wills, and one to audit county expenditures.

Throughout the United States, save in the South, counties are divided into townships. The voters of the township not only elect the township board spoken of in Chapter XIV, but also one or more constables to enforce law and order, a treasurer to keep the funds, one or more justices of the peace to try petty cases, and often the township board of education.

TOPICS FOR INVESTIGATION AND DISCUSSION

1. Write an essay about your state. Use all the facts found in the various tables in this book, such as the tabies on pages 265, 266, and 355.

2. Find out all you can about the township government in your state.

3. From the table on page 350, discuss the amount spent by the states in 1923 for each of the purposes given.

4. The table1 on page 355 gives the average annual salaries of teachers, supervisors, and principals in elementary and secondary schools in the various states in the year 1921-1922.

(a) How does your state rank with other states?

(b) How does the salary paid to teachers in your school compare with the average salary paid to teachers in your state? (c) What reasons can you give for the average salary paid to teachers in your state as compared with other states? in your school as compared with other schools?

SUGGESTED READINGS FOR COMMITTEE REPORTS

1. Reports will be in order from Chapters XVIII-XXIII of Magruder's American Government. These chapters deal with state Constitutions, the state Legislature, the state Governor, state Courts, and with county and township government.

2. Another valuable series of discussions is to be found in Williamson's Problems in American Democracy, Chapters XLV-XLVIII.

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES FOR ADVANCED STUDENTS AND TEACHERS

1. Dawson's Organized Self-Government: Chapters XVII and XVIII.

2. James' Local Government in the United States.

3. Mathews' Principles of American State Administration.

4. Holcomb's State Government in the United States.

5. Roosevelt's Autobiography.

6. Franklin's Autobiography.

7. Churchill's Coniston.

8. Churchill's Mr. Crewe's Career.

9. The Legislative Manual or Handbook of your state.

10. King's Regulation of Municipal Utilities.

1 From Statistics of State School Systems, 1921-1922. Bulletin, 1924-No. 31 National Bureau of Education, p. 15.