Transportation facilities must include trolley, surface, elevated or subway, and bus lines. Some narrow residence streets can be kept free of any sort of transportation, as "safety" streets where children may play.

In planning these transportation facilities, two problems arise. First, what can be done to provide the growing city with connection with the surrounding country districts? To meet this problem the city engineer must provide in his city plan for railroad centers and well-paved, connecting roads.

The second problem deals with the regulation of the traffic itself as it passes through the city. In the first place, streets must be wide enough to allow several swiftly moving cars to pass at one time. In the older cities one-way streets have somewhat relieved the danger of the narrow street. In the second place, traffic regulations that will protect pedestrians must be adopted. Various signaling devices are now being tried out.

The Street Layout. The streets of a well-planned city will therefore be so laid out as to facilitate travel to and from work, and to keep down the costs of hauling goods between wharf or depot and business houses. Here are a few simple rules for a good street layout:

(1) Main thoroughfares, broad and well-paved, without sharp curves and with easy grades, should connect all the main residence, business, manufacturing, and transportation centers of the city.

(2) Where the travel on these thoroughfares is heavy, one section should be set aside for fast vehicles and one for slow and heavy vehicles, with walks for pedestrians, if needed, on either side.

(3) In planning these thoroughfares due regard must be paid to through traffic with surrounding towns and cities.

(4) Some streets will be set aside particularly for through traffic, so as to shift such traffic away from the center of the city.

(5) Residence streets can be narrower than business streets, to keep down paving and street maintenance costs, but no street should be less than fifty feet wide.

(6) Trees suitable to street life should be planted along all streets and boulevards.

(7) To prevent accidents there should be curved curbing

at all street corners.

Civic Beauty. Civic beauty requires care in the little things as well as in the big. No city can be at its best until it is clean, beautiful, and useful. Parks may be planned to beautify the city, and the streets be lined with shade trees; but all this fails if the city itself is dirty. The removal of dirt and rubbish must be attended to in order to develop civic beauty. The community must provide rubbish cans and the citizens must

Courtesy Boston Public Works Dept. learn to use them.

A GOOD CITIZEN

This boy has a sense of responsibility.

Storekeepers, home owners, and school

children must all develop a spirit of cleanliness and cooperation.

Disfiguring billboards should be removed from the residential sections of the city, not only because the billboards themselves are usually ugly, ungainly structures, but because of the rubbish that so often collects about them. Swinging signs and awnings must be removed; they are

both unsightly and dangerous. Electric wires should be placed underground in the larger cities. Garbage cans should be kept clean and out of sight. City ordinances regulate many of these problems, but the people must support the ordinances.

The Spirit of a City.

decorated the walls.

Prehistoric men lived in caves and They wove vines, roots, and fibers into garments, and then worked out patterns and colors.

An attractive industrial village built as a war emergency for the employees of a great shipbuilding corporation. It consists of about 1469 houses, fifty-six apartments and eight stores, designed to house 8000 people.

They made weapons, spears, shields, bows, and knives, and carved and embossed them. People have an inborn desire to decorate and adorn. They began by beautifying the things they were using. Today they have reached the point where painting and sculpture are regarded as arts in themselves.

You look along a valley, with its soft, green fields, its clumps of shade, the stream meandering along its bottom, and the hills mounting on either hand. Unconsciously you stop, full of wonder at the peaceful scene. Beauty is

thrilling, just because it is beauty. Some people feel its spell much more strongly than others, but there is scarcely a person who does not respond in some way to beautiful surroundings.

Go into a dirty, badly kept manufacturing town or mining village. The streets, the houses, everything in the town is slovenly, mean, depressing. Look at the people, and you will find the town reflected in their spirits. At once someone will say, "The people are that way, that is why the town is dirty." But look at the boys and girls! They were born and brought up here, and they are like the city. That boy has a banana. He is peeling it and throwing the skin into the street. There are many cities where a boy, even a small boy, will throw his banana skins into a waste can. Why does not this boy do so? First, because there is already scattered in the street a collection of banana skins, orange skins, peanut shells, garbage, and waste of every description. Some grown-up has set this boy an example, and, obedient to it, he throws his banana skin into the gutter. And second, the city provides no waste cans. In another town, down the road, the people keep their streets clean and free from rubbish. The spirit of a city has a great deal to do with making the spirit of its people.

People must

Private Coöperation and Civic Welfare. want a livable city before it can be made livable. Where does this ideal of civic welfare start? In the city hall or on the public square? No. With the citizens in their homes and in their back yards? Yes, and you are one of those citizens. It starts with you.

The welfare of your neighborhood depends on you and your neighbors. If your back yard is piled full of rubbish, the neighborhood cannot be what it should be. If dirt is piled up in the gutter before your house, the appearance of the whole neighborhood is ruined, and the health of all may be imperiled. Keep your own door yard clean.

The school is owned and operated by the city for the

benefit of all the people. It should therefore be one of the most effective agencies for promoting the right ideals of civic welfare. The Washington Grammar School in Rochester, New York, started out many years ago to

CLEAN-UP DAY ON THE VACANT LOT

A clean and well kept neighborhood makes for better citizenship.

improve the appearance of its neighborhood. Under the inspiration of its principal, the boys and girls learned how to clean up the yards, and how to improve the appearance of their homes. Anyone walking through that part of the city could tell when he entered the Washington School