9. From the table on page 265 compare your state with others as to the total number, and the number per 100,000 population in 1910, of (a) The blind (c) Paupers in almshouses

(b) The insane in hospitals (d) Prisoners in penal institutions 10. Does your community have an Associated Charity Organization? If so, what is its aim? How does it carry out its work?

11. Try to find out the life story of Helen Keller and show what her life teaches as to the training of the handicapped.

12. Is there a store in your community in which articles made by the blind are sold? If so, a committee of your class might visit it and report what you find to the class.

SUGGESTED READINGS FOR COMMITTEE REPORTS

1. From Doty's Society's Misfits report on the following: (a) From Part I, In a Woman's Prison: Maggie Martin "993"; Maggie Martin's Friends

(b) From Part II, Behind Reformatory Walls: Why Can't a Kid Write to His Mother? Behind the Walls; Wanted, a Mother; The Reformatory that Reforms

2. From Williamson's Problems in American Democracy, Chapter XXIV, report on three of the following:

(a) The Medieval Neighborhood

(b) Breakdown of the Medieval Neighborhood

(c) Rise of the Urban Neighborhood.

(d) Extent of Dependency in Modern Times
(e) Causes of Dependency

(f) The Giving of Alms

(g) Almsgiving Proves Inadequate

(h) Coördination of Public Institutions

(i) Coördination of Private Institutions

Problem based on the above reports: Should private organizations or the state control institutions that care for the handicapped? ADDITIONAL REFERENCES FOR ADVANCED STUDENTS AND TEACHERS

1. Williamson's Readings in American Democracy: XXIV, Dependency-Its Relief and Prevention.

Chapter

2. Parmelee's Poverty and Progress: Chapter XIX, Private and Public Philanthropy; Chapter XX, Dependents and Defectives; Chapter XXIII, Social Insurance and Pensions.

3. Jane Addams' Twenty Years at Hull House.

4. Helen Keller's The World I Live In.

5. Jack London's The Road. This is a true story of Jack London's life as a tramp; of how he received "handouts"; of his experience as a corporal in Coxey's Army.

State

THE NUMBER OF BLIND AND INSANE IN HOSPITALS, PAUPERS IN ALMSHOUSES, AND PRISONERS IN PENAL INSTITUTIONS IN EACH OF THE STATES FOR THE YEARS DESIGNATED

SCHOOLS FOR THE BLIND, THE DEAF, AND THE FEEBLE-MINDED, SCHOOL YEARS 1921-22

Number of Schools and Enrollment of Pupils by States

CHAPTER XII

CITY PLANNING

"Godlike nature has given us the fields, human art has built the cities." -Varro

The City Lives by Its Industries. Each city has certain opportunities. Chicago, for example, is at the southern end of Lake Michigan near the northern end of the Mississippi Valley, and the commercial center of a very rich agricultural region. Therefore it has developed a great exporting trade, especially of meat and grains supplied by the prairie lands west of the Mississippi River. New York City, built about a splendid harbor, has become the center of our trade with Europe and the rest of the world. Pittsburgh has river connections at the same time that it is centrally located in oil, coal, and iron ore fields, and is famed for its great furnaces for smelting this iron ore. Duluth is the logical grain-shipping center for the region west of the Great Lakes. Such are examples of the natural advantages that cities enjoy.

A city must build its enterprises about its natural advantages. Boston, with a harbor, may hope to be a center of sea-borne trade; St. Louis, as a railroad center, may hope to be a center of inland trade; but Paterson, New Jersey, and Birmingham, Alabama, having no peculiar trade opportunities, turn to the manufacture of textiles and of iron and steel products.

With the exception of a few commercial cities, the oldtime town depended very largely for its prosperity upon the surrounding agricultural districts. The farmers came to town to sell their produce and to buy what they could not grow or make. The larger modern city does not depend

solely upon the prosperity of the neighboring rural communities; it depends mainly upon its own industrial output.

The change from dependence upon an outlying rural district to internal industrial activity has transformed the city. Twentieth century city life is centered about factory industry. As factories grow in size and number, industrial cities grow.

Where Cities Are Located.

Towns and cities are not

located where they are by chance. Cities are located where

Compare with the picture on page 269.

traffic by rail or river meets ocean traffic, as at New York and Boston; or where rivers are no longer navigable for the larger river boats, such as at Pittsburgh. Trading posts with the Indians, such as Chicago, have later grown into cities just because these trading posts were located where lake or river traffic began or ended. Before the days of steam power our industrial villages grew up near the Atlantic seaboard, at the first falls on the rivers leading into the ocean; for there the factories and mills could get both water power and shipping facilities. Trenton, New Jersey, is an