(3) Help by only one charitable organization.

If charitable organizations duplicate effort, aid may be either insufficient or too plentiful. If insufficient, there is suffering. If too plentiful, all motive for self-support is taken away. Charitable organizations usually coöperate through some central organization. In recent years they have in may cities solicited funds together. This common fund is referred to as the "community chest."

(4) Self-support must be encouraged.

Poor relief, whether in the home or in institutions, should have as its ideal the development of self-supporting individuals. The first work of poor relief is often to restore health or to cure drug habits. Those permanently incapable of self-support must be put into special institutions, such as those for the crippled, the insane, the blind, or the feebleminded.

(5) Street beggars should not be helped.

Self-support is never encouraged by giving to street beggars. Street beggars will be just as many as the public, through its alms, will support. None of the above principles is followed when there is an indiscriminate giving of charity, -such as the nickels we put in the street beggar's cup.

(6) Tramps should not be helped.

As an agricultural people we were in the habit of giving large numbers of habitual tramps their daily food through "hand-outs" at the back door. These vagabonds, by petty thieveries and by carelessly setting fire to barns and to forests, came to be a great social burden. So nowadays several states and cities provide "Vagabond Farms" for these wanderers, at public expense. Here many are cured of the habits or the diseases that often account for their "laziness." All are taught trades and self-reliance, and most of them are returned to the community as producers and useful citizens.

(7) Charity should promote self-help.

The charity that does the most good is the charity that helps the persons in need of it to help themselves. When a person in poverty is made self-supporting he gains a new self-respect, and soon finds himself able to give to the community instead of taking from it. Then everyone in the community is better off. And in the same manner, the whole community gains from helping the delinquents and

Cheering up the invalids in a ward of the New York Tuberculosis Hospital. the defectives most wisely by the methods we are now going to learn.

The Feeble-Minded. Those least capable of providing the necessities of life for themselves are the feeble-minded and the insane. Each requires special care. Some minds are destroyed, in whole or in part, by disease or by accident. People with such minds we call insane. The children of such parents do not inherit insanity. The feeble-minded are those whose minds have developed but little, if any, since infancy. But children of those born feeble-minded

usually inherit feeble minds. This we call "congenital" feeble-mindedness. To prevent the spread of congenital feeble-mindedness these unfortunates must be put into special institutions. Many feeble-minded get into jails and into asylums. They carelessly cause fires and are easily led into vice. The fewer of them there are abroad the better off all will be. They can do little for themselves and they do others great harm. They have the bodies of grown-up folk but the minds of little children.

In their special institutions expert teachers give the feeble-minded not only the care to which they are entitled, but also such training as their capacities will allow. They can learn such simple trades as weaving and woodwork. In many cases they may become partially self-supporting. Moreover, they are not allowed to marry and have a family of feeble-minded children, to be kept in turn by charity or at public expense. To keep down as low as possible the number of feeble-minded children born is to keep down cost to the tax payers and to improve the human race.

The Insane. Time was, and not so many years ago, when people believed that insanity was caused by evil spirits. Hence the body was flogged or otherwise tortured to drive out these evil spirits. Now we know that the mind may become diseased, just as may the liver or the lungs or other organs of the body. And diseased minds require special treatment. This treatment can best be given in institutions. Each of the larger hospitals today has special wards in which doctors minister to diseased minds. Certain types of the insane are violent at times, and hence must be kept isolated in insane hospitals. Such individuals usually cannot be made self-supporting. Another type is the criminal insane-those with a monomania for one crime or another. These must be isolated in institutions. Other types, such as the epileptic, are only occasionally harmful to others, and can often be made wholly self-supporting. Others are afflicted with nervous breakdowns and need

only medical care and guidance to return them to normal life.

There is need for as much care in classifying the insane as there is in classifying those with other diseases. We no longer throw all insane indiscriminately into the same hospital. Many are taught trades, or work on farms, while

Blind girls transcribing letters on the typewriter which have been dictated to a phonograph.

others are given the care necessary for a return to health. Employment suited to each individual helps to restore the individual to a normal condition, and helps to keep him selfsupporting if he is later restored to complete health.

The Blind. Blindness is due chiefly to accident or to disease. But few are born blind, and most of that blindness might be prevented by proper treatment at birth. Through

specialized schools the blind can be taught trades, so that they may provide for themselves the necessities of life. More than this, they can acquire a skill in many trades equal to that of those who see. Thus the blind make excellent masseurs. They do well in such occupations as telegraphers, as cigar and broom makers, as stenographers and typists. The blind may enjoy literature and music.

Though unable to hear, these boys are fine athletes and play a splendid game. One member of the Senate of the United States, though blind, served his country ably.

The art of training and teaching the blind improved notably in the war period. Many soldiers blinded by gas or by shells were taught special trades, and their zest for the best in life was renewed by specialized army schools. Many people are blinded each year by industrial accidents. These, too, may be returned to useful, happy lives.