After all, life exists for the service our efforts can render. These efforts have as their main aids the natural resources we have discussed in this chapter.

TOPICS FOR INVESTIGATION AND DISCUSSION

1. What is the difference between hoarding natural resources and conserving them?

2. What is the difference in meaning between the words "conservation" and "preservation."

3. Tell the class about destructive floods you have known.

4. What natural resources are there in your community? What changes have occurred in these?

5. Upon what natural resources does your community depend now?

6. What trees are growing in your community? What can be done to protect those trees and to increase their number?

7. What bearing have forests on our water supply?

8. What reasons can you give for the following statements in the text? (a) Today three-fourths of the available timber supply of our country lies west of the Great Plains. (b) Three-fourths of the agriculture, three-fourths of the population, and most of the factories are east of the Great Plains.

9. Explain how the waste of the American timber supply has caused an increase in the cost of food and shelter.

10. What is your community doing to protect song birds? What else can it do?

11. What is your state doing to conserve its natural resources? 12. What are nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, bacteria?

plain their importance for soil fertility.

13. What is your state doing to conserve game? fish?

Ex

14. Secure a copy of the Fish and Game laws of your state and explain how your community and future generations are being protected by these conservation measures.

15. Can someone of your class visit a fish hatchery and report to the class?

16. What are the national and state governments doing for the conservation of human life. How does this benefit you?

17. Find out the rules the

give reasons for those rules.

boy scouts have about camp fires and

18. A committee will report upon the electric development in your community.

19. Another committee will report to the class all they can find out about the soil of your community.

20. In the light of what you have read in this chapter, explain what Theodore Roosevelt meant by the quotation at the beginning of the chapter.

21. Give three reasons why the Europeans in the early seventeenth century were willing to leave their homes and settle in North America.

SUGGESTED READINGS FOR COMMITTEE REPORTS

1. Haskin's The American Government, Chapter VII, The Department of the Interior, explains how our Federal government aids in protecting the national forests and how it provides for reclamation and irrigation projects. Chapter X tells how the government aids the farmer in the conservation of soil.

2. Williamson's Readings in Economics, Chapter XXVIII, Conservation of Natural Resources, tells of the work of President Roosevelt and the conference of Governors; discusses the conservation of forests, minerals, and land; and gives the legal basis of conservation.

3. Berry and Howe's Actual Democracy, Chapter VII, Conservation, deals with the conservation of health (child labor, women in industry, and industrial accidents and diseases) and with the conservation of natural resources (forests, land, and water).

4. Ross's Civic Sociology, Chapter I, The Trend of Population, tells of the early waste of human life in America, the toll of the sea, the wilderness, and the frontier; and of the present trend toward the conservation of health.

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES FOR ADVANCED STUDENTS AND TEACHERS

1. Chronicles of America Series: Volume 47, Roosevelt and His Times-Chapter on Reclamation and Conservation.

2. Giant Power, The Report of the Giant Power Survey Board to the General Assembly of Pennsylvania with a Message of Transmittal from Gifford Pinchot, Governor.

3. Morehouse and Graham's American Problems: Chapter XII, pages 320-326.

4. Hamlin Garland's Cavanagh the Ranger-a novel.

5. The World Almanac and Book of Facts.

6. Van Hise's Conservation and Natural Resources in the United States.

7. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science: Commercial Policies of Nations, March, 1924.

CHAPTER XI

THE TRAINING AND CARE OF THE HANDICAPPED

"The race of mankind would perish did they cease to aid each other. From the time that the mother binds the child's head till the moment that some kind assistant wipes the death-damp from the brow of the dying, we can not exist without mutual help. All, therefore, that need aid have a right to ask it from their fellow mortals; no one who holds the power of granting can refuse it without guilt."

-Sir Walter Scott

When the family budget is planned, if there is anything left over after the necessities are provided for, and if the family has good social standards, a part of the income will be set aside for charity. So also in making up the budgets of cities, states, and nation, a considerable portion of the expenditure goes for the care of those who for one reason or another can not take care of themselves. Let us see how this happens.

In Chapter VIII we discussed the ways in which individuals make their living. But not all individuals are capable of supporting themselves or their families. Every community has some members who need help. Among these are a few dependent poor who simply do not care. Few, however, really prefer to be dependent upon the charity of others for the necessities of life.

The Dependent Poor. There are many causes of poverty. Here is a recent immigrant who cannot speak our language. He is handicapped in seeking work, and the opportunities for profitable employment are very few. Or the factory in which an American wage earner has long worked at some special job closes down; this wage earner knows no other trade and other factories do not need his particular skill.

War may bring disaster and unemployment to those in no wise responsible for the war. Industrial processes may become out of date, or machinery may be installed to do work formerly done by hand. Some occupations, such as picking fruits, last but a short season of each year and the community may not offer another means of earning a living immediately. Competition forces changes in industry,

Unemployment has overtaken these men and resulting poverty reduced them to sleeping in the park.

causing some individuals to lose their only means of making a living.

As industrial society becomes more highly organized, the individual loses a certain kind of economic independence. Poverty may thus befall earners through industrial changes which are in no sense any fault of their own. Such causes of poverty are largely social and industrial; that is, they caused by the changes in methods of production which

CHAPTER XI

THE TRAINING AND CARE OF THE HANDICAPPED

"The race of mankind would perish did they cease to aid each other. From the time that the mother binds the child's head till the moment that some kind assistant wipes the death-damp from the brow of the dying, we can not exist without mutual help. All, therefore, that need aid have a right to ask it from their fellow mortals; no one who holds the power of granting can refuse it without guilt."

-Sir Walter Scott

When the family budget is planned, if there is anything left over after the necessities are provided for, and if the family has good social standards, a part of the income will be set aside for charity. So also in making up the budgets of cities, states, and nation, a considerable portion of the expenditure goes for the care of those who for one reason or another can not take care of themselves. Let us see how

this happens.

In Chapter VIII we discussed the ways in which individuals make their living. But not all individuals are capable of supporting themselves or their families. Every community has some members who need help. Among these are a few dependent poor who simply do not care. Few, however, really prefer to be dependent upon the charity of others for the necessities of life.

The Dependent Poor. There are many causes of poverty. Here is a recent immigrant who cannot speak our language. He is handicapped in seeking work, and the opportunities for profitable employment are very few. Or the factory in which an American wage earner has long worked at some special job closes down; this wage earner knows no other trade and other factories do not need his particular skill.