Eight deep furrows are turned at one time by this great tractor and gang plow.

wheat from the straw and the chaff, and the wagon in which the wheat is hauled to the elevator have all given work to the wage earner in factories in various cities. The manufacturer had paid the wages of these earners knowing that he would get his money back when the farmer paid for these implements. With the money received from the sale of his wheat the farmer buys the goods he needs but cannot produce, and builds his barn and repairs his machinery. If fortunate in his crop yield and prices, he can afford to give his children the full education he desires for them.

This wheat is loaded from the country grain elevator, owned by a large city company, into a car owned by the railway company. The railway company hauls this wheat to its destination for a certain sum of money. This freight charge pays in part the wages of the engineer and the fireman and the conductor, and in part it pays dividends upon the money used in building and equipping the railroad.

The wheat is sent, let us say, to Minneapolis, where it is bought for a milling company by one of the many commission merchants in that city who make their living by buying and selling grain. The commission, or money received for

these services, pays its share of the wages of the clerks and the stenographers in this great wheat market.

The wheat now goes to a mill, perhaps located in Kansas City, Missouri, where it is ground into flour and put into sacks or barrels. The miller takes his toll in money for himself and his helpers, for the cost of running the machinery, and for the coal needed for power. The flour is sold on commission to a large wholesale grocery firm-one of the many that make their living by knowing just where to buy and sell to the best advantage.

One sack of this flour gets on the shelves of a retailer, and your mother buys it and uses part of it to make a loaf of bread. Or a baker buys the flour and bakes the bread, and your mother pays him ten cents for the loaf. The Montana farmer probably received about three of these ten cents. Seven out of the ten cents that your mother paid for the loaf of bread went to pay interest and dividends and rent, and the profits and wages of those who handled the wheat and milled the flour and baked the bread.

A Cup of Tea. Over in China there are many people who are making their living by working on the large tea plantations. They plant, pick, and cure the tea. Someone buys this tea in large quantities. He then employs numbers of Chinese laborers to put this tea aboard a huge ship bound for Liverpool. When the ship is a day out from Liverpool, this tea merchant learns by radio that there is a good market in New York City; so by wireless he orders this ship not to stop at Liverpool but to proceed to New York City. Here the shipload of tea is sold to a large tea firm, which puts it up into small neat-looking packages marked with the name of the dealer. Your grocer buys a few of these packages; your mother buys one of them from the grocer. She uses a spoonful of it to make you some tea. In the price she pays for the tea is your share of the wages of those who worked on the plartations in China; your share of the profits of the plantation owner; your share of the wages of those who loaded and

sailed the ship, and sent the cablegrams and the wireless message; your share of the dividends to the railway and steamship companies; your share of the profits to the middlemen and to the retailer. The spoonful of dry tea really represents the work and the services of many people.

Thus each of the men

in

who have directly or indirectly handled the wheat that made the bread you eat, or the tea that you drink, depends on you for his living. Interdependence of Your Family and Mine. This interdependence of families is shown every line of work. Men and women no longer do everything for themselves; instead, each one is specially trained for one kind of work or trade, and by using that training to help others who lack the knowledge of that particular trade, they" "earn their living." For instance, a man may be a farmer or a carpenter or a street-car conductor or a policeman. He does his own special work daily, and nothing else. In return for this he receives "wages or "pay" or "salary," whichever he calls it. With this "pay" he buys the products of others trained in other lines of work. Here is a policeman. From the wages he receives from the city he hires a carpenter to build his

Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. PICKING TEA

A scene on a far-away Ceylon tea plantation showing natives picking the leaves from the little trees. Tea grows well in but few countries so we buy it and pay for it with things easier for us to produce like cotton, petroleum, and lumber.

house. He buys the vegetables the farmer raises directly from the farmer or through another agent, the grocer, as the case may be.

Robinson Crusoe just as a modern

All boys and girls know these facts, but very few ever think that the money they spend for clothing, for school books, or for food helps the parents of other boys and girls to live, to clothe and shelter their children, to send them to school, and to give them money. Each family today is dependent on its neighbors for its living. would be out of place in a modern city; man or woman would be misplaced on Crusoe's island. Modern factories and modern means of transportation have made each family a mere unit of a great community group, dependent on every other unit of that group for the food, the shelter, and the clothing it needs, and for its pleasures as well.

The Growth of the Modern System of Work. All this is in striking contrast to the life of the tribes from which all races have sprung. These tribes were nomadic, that is, they had no definite home, but moved from place to place as occasion required. They lived by hunting and trapping in the forests, or by fishing in the streams or in the ocean. The Angles and the Saxons were hunters and fishers in their northern European homes two thousand years ago. So also were the other Germanic tribes. The peoples living by hunting or by fishing must move as the animals move from place to place, and change their places of abode to accord with the migrations of the game and the fish. Thus certain of our Indian tribes summered near the Great Lakes and wintered in Kentucky and Tennessee. And our Indian tribes had a civilization far in advance of most nomadic tribes.

Two factors, particularly, made it possible for peoples to move out of a nomadic life into the life of settled, civilized peoples. These were the invention of the weapon for hunting, and the use of the domestic animal for transportation

and for the cultivation of the land. Our Indians learned to make and use the bow and arrow and they domesticated the horse. Thereafter, food supplies could be kept fairly stable, and famine no longer wiped out whole tribes or kept them physically incompetent. Tribes are necessarily nomadic when the food supply is migratory, as is the case in the hunting and fishing stage of civilization.

After animals had been domesticated, to furnish a steady

The Salamanca Indians of Eastern Costa Rica laying in a food supply. supply of milk and meat in the winter seasons, a settled agricultural life was possible. The lands could now be tilled and the grains stored against a season of scarcity. The nomadic tribes then grew into stable agricultural communities.

Back in the twelfth century in Europe the land was owned by a few powerful lords and their vassals, who, in return for this land, owed the king certain allegiance and service. The majority of the people owned no land, but instead were