The next moment he has signalled to the east-west traffic to stop while the north-south traffic has its turn. The crossing at street intersections is often regulated by colored lights, which signal to vehicles whether they must stop or may go on.

The boy in the center of the street with outstretched arms is holding up traffic to let the children cross in safety. Near the curbs stand other Junior Policemen.

Junior Police. In several cities the boys, with the aid of the city authorities, have organized their own police system called the Junior Police. This leads the boys to take upon themselves their share in the maintenance of good order. These Junior Police, or Safety Patrols, are usually used in school districts to protect the younger children at dangerous crossings.

Detective Bureaus. Although the police try to prevent trouble, much of their duty deals with the arrest of lawbreakers. The Detective Bureau, a separate division of the police department in our larger cities, aids in the discovery and identification of criminals.

Exact measure

WHERE TRAFFIC POLICE ARE NEEDED

Contrast this picture with the one on page 128. Don't you think the Junior Police are doing a good work?

ments are taken of the height, weight, length of arm, and size of ear of each prisoner. Photographs are made and finger prints taken. By these means the detective bureaus of large cities identify offenders brought before the city courts. These detectives keep themselves informed of the whereabouts of any criminal coming within their city, and keep on the lookout for any criminal for whom another city

is hunting. To aid them in their work, they wear no uniform, their badge giving them authority to arrest.

The Policeman Today. During recent years the whole idea of the police force has changed. There was a time when the police force was charged solely with the duty of making people behave. The sign of authority was the club, and the calls for policemen came from fights, riots, robberies, murders, and other offenses against persons and property. Preserving law and order meant using force only. But the policeman has now ceased to be solely a terror to evil-doers, and has become also a preventer of wrongdoing and an encourager of wholesome activities.

The up-to-date policeman knows his neighborhood. He makes friends with the boys and talks with them about the things they may and may not do. If a boy is getting into bad company the policeman may go to his father and talk the matter over. The policeman explains new laws to those inquiring about them. Thus the policeman keeps order by preventing disorder.

The policemen must enforce the laws of the city and also of the state and nation. To do their work properly they must know what all these laws are. To learn their duties well, the policemen in large cities go to a special school for policemen.

The Police Department. A lieutenant is put in charge of a group of policemen. Over several lieutenants is a captain, and over the captains is the Chief of Police. Through such an organization the Chief of Police can quickly give orders, and can bring together as many policemen as may be suddenly needed to maintain law and order.

To get about quickly the policemen have motorcycles and automobiles, as well as motor boats for use on the water. Urgent calls are sent out by radio, and even policemen of near-by cities are instantly warned of the whereabouts or deeds of dangerous criminals.

The Constable. There is need also for an officer who may

arrest law breakers or disturbers of the peace in the country districts. This law officer in rural communities is called the constable. His powers are much the same as those of the city police. Owing to the few people in the community, however, he combines all the duties of a policeman which

MOTORCYCLE POLICE IN NEW YORK CITY

Speedy machines enable these policemen to cover a great deal of territory as well as catch law breakers in automobiles.

in some cities are divided among traffic police, detectives, and mounted police.

State Police. Some states have organized police forces on the same principle as those of the cities. New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey are among these states. Although these state policemen work in connection with city police when necessary, they are primarily intended for rural protection. They patrol rural districts. They support the local constables when a case is too difficult for them to manage; they search for lost children; they enforce quarantine rules; they put down riots. They do not aim

to kill the offender, but to arrest him and bring him to justice. Modeled after the Royal Mounted Police of Canadian fame, their motto is much the same, "To go after a criminal and get him." They are the guardians of the highways, protecting travelers from reckless motorists or negligent drivers.

Militia. The second amendment to the national Constitution says: "A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed." This amendment does not mean that any person has the right to carry concealed weapons, for state laws now usually deny this right. But it does mean that the state may organize and arm state militia or police forces. And this all the states have done as one means of protecting life and property. Armories are provided at state expense, in which companies of militia may drill. The militia systems of the various states are kept uniform by national law. The members of the militia are not paid save when on duty. The state police, mentioned above, are paid for their full-time services.

Armies and Navies. When a common enemy, such as a great nation, threatens our life and property, the forty-eight states must unite to prevent their destruction. Thus our national government must have its police force too-the army and the navy.

Congress has power to "declare war." The President may not declare war, although he conducts the war after it is declared. To the Congress also is given power "to raise and support armies" and "to provide and maintain a navy”; to "provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia"; and to "exercise exclusive legislation" over national "forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings."

By far the larger part of taxes paid to the national government goes for wars, past, present, and future, including pensions and interest on the war debts. In the period from