PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT'S INAUGURAL. A STRAIGHT PARTY TICKET BALLOT. A NON-PARTISAN BALLOT. A VOTING BOOTH.. THE REPUBLICAN NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1920. THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTORAL VOTE IN 1924.. THE FAMOUS JOAN OF ARC POSTER. A LINCOLN-DOUGLAS DEBATE.. A NEWSPAPER BULLETIN BOARD. LINCOLN'S GETTYSBURG ADDRESS. PAGE 533 534 536 537 541 543 549 552 553 555 563 565 567 570 PART I OUR WANTS AND HOW WE SATISFY THEM CHAPTER I THE COMMUNITIES IN WHICH WE LIVE "I like to see a man proud of the place in which he lives. a man live in it so that his place will be proud of him." I like to see -Lincoln THE NATION THE STATE THE COUNTY BOROUGH OR CITY We Live in Communities. Each of us has his own little family circle, including, usually, father, mother, brothers, and sisters. This is the simplest type of community and the first one that we come to know anything about. When we get a little older, we begin going to Sunday school and soon thereafter to a day school. In this way we become members of two other kinds of communities. We are sent on errands to a near-by shop or store, and so are introduced to still another variety of community-the one that has to do with the exchange of things necessary to our physical comfort. THE POLITICAL From the very day of our birth we have all been members of a quite different type of community; one that is manysided and not easy to understand. This is known as a political community, and its divisions are termed the borough, village, or city, the county, the state, and the nation. All persons are members of political communities from the day they are born; but only gradually do they take part in political activities. A community, it will be seen, is any group of people, be the group large or small, who are meeting together or working together for a common purpose. It makes no difference what this purpose is. For example, a storekeeper and his clerks are a community devoted to the purpose of selling goods. When you add the customers, you form a larger community devoted to the exchange of money for needed goods. Add the wholesaler, his traveling salesman, and the railroad company, and you have a still larger community devoted to a wider distribution of goods. The members of each of these groups or communities we call citizens. Thus, in a larger sense, citizenship is participation in group life— working with others in some organized way. Every community has certain needs which must be satisfied if the community is to grow and prosper. But before 88 FACTORY STORE THE COMMUNITY OF SELLING GOODS HOME proceeding to a discussion of what those needs are, and how they are met, it will be of interest to see something of the life that is lived in some typical communities. The American Pioneers. We Americans of today stand on the shoulders of the sturdy pioneer farmers who cleared the forests, plowed the prairies, and broke the roads from ocean to ocean. Theirs were the first country schools, the first churches, the first villages. Only the hunters of furs and gold preceded the farmers. These pioneers began the development of the great natural resources of our nation. They moved westward by means of crude boats on the rivers and big covered wagons on land. They went west to make a living. They produced food, lumber, hides, wool, and, later, factory goods. As production increased, trade increased, roads were opened, and then came the stage coach. Later, canals and railroads were built. These were followed by the telegraph, the telephone, and the daily mail delivery. Life on the Frontier Farm. Throughout the Ohio and Mississippi Valleys, in the Great Lake and mountain regions, and on the Pacific Coast the first pioneer homes were built of unhewn logs. On the treeless prairies of the far West the first homes were often made of grass sods placed one upon the other. These "soddies" were soon replaced by simple homes of clapboards. In the rude pioneer homes the women did their cooking in great open fireplaces, which were used for warmth as well. Photo Ewing Galloway, N. Y. THE FUR HUNTER The church was the center of community life. Annual religious revivals, corn-husking bees, wedding ceremonies, and parties for the Pioneer of the forests and uninhabited regions. young folk furnished opportunities for social recreation. All these were simple affairs in which all the people in the entire neighborhood joined. In the home the mother carded the wool, spun the yarn, wove the cloth, and made the clothes for the family. Root |