During these examinations the boy had a most pained openmouthed expression, yet at times, as when he was at work on the form boards, he showed much more concentration than might have been expected. He was later certified as an imbecile.

Case II. Polish woman of thirty. Schooling had lasted two months and no more.

Counting 20 to 1: Slow but correct.

Days of the week: Correct.

Months: Gave only ten.

Digits: Gave 5 correctly.18

Healy frame: Very good.

Second time, Healy frame: Extremely fast.

Sequin form board: Good.

Knox cubes: 5 correct.

Washing steps: Correct.

Why? "Because that is the order."

Why again? "Because they would get dirty if you did it the other way." This is interesting to me, because "rule of thumb" in so many cases with peasants, seems a fact not to be questioned; but to be accepted. Boat: Which throw overboard: food or gold-"Gold is dearer than bread; but doesn't know." Told to decide. Then said: "Gold; because life is most dear."

Girl cut in ten pieces: "It must be someone else she couldn't do it herself."

Fire, which would she throw out, the mattress or the lamp?. Answer: "I should leave everything to save my life. When told to say one or the other she answered: "I should carry that lamp."

Donkey and Little Boy Story: Answer: "Maybe the donkey kicked him."

This woman was passed. Through the entire examination she was perfectly undisturbed, with a sort of "un-awake" poise. Her husband worked in a factory. He had worked in a brick yard. She had two children. She accepted life as well as wished to keep it!

Case III. Greek boy of eight,-that is really just beyond his seventh birthday. He had never been to school.

He was turned aside by the Chief Line Officer on sight, as he was passing into the waiting rooms. At first when asked to count, he did well. Then he cried and repeated over and over again what the Dr. had said. An interpreter was sent for; but still things were at a deadlock, and the boy was detained for a later examination. The next morning the continuance of the examination came. Again the boy, though urged by his mother,

and by the interpreter, could not seem to talk. The appearance was of great stage fright: Finally the child counted from 1 to 20.

Counting backwards 20 to 1: Failed.

Counting backwards 10 to 1: Failed.
Digits. He repeated six.

Colors: No answer.

Aesthetic judgment (Binet): All wrong.

Then a sort of panic came, and all operations stopped, to be taken up again the next day. The doctor had the interpreter explain in a most kindly way to the boy, that he was holding up the entire family; that tomorrow he must do better.

The next day he came again. He did the Imbecile form board instantly. He did the Healy Frame fast, and smiled. He did the weights (Binet) right, twice in succession without difficulty. He answered as to missing parts correctly with one exception.

Cubes: Four were done with some difficulty.

Right hand: Correct.

Left ear: Correct.

Fingers on one hand? "Five" instantly.

Fingers on two hands? Instantly, correct.

Toes on one foot? Correct.

Fingers and toes together? Correct.

He was told that if he had done all this on the first day, he would not have kept mother waiting, and passed.

That the extreme terror of the first examination could settle into the enjoyment of the last, seemed, without the seeing, such an impossibility that even when watching it happening you could not recognize the "two" boys as "one." Such a case is a warning.

To watch the examinations day after day, gives one a view of thought processes not his own perhaps; but certainly just as workable. It makes one realize very strongly what some of the qualities and conditions, good and bad, are, which start individuals to migrating. One is forced too, to think of the individual tests, as perhaps they might not be thought of under more "even" conditions. For instance-after watching in the Knox Cube test, the almost imperceptible swaying which goes on when the Doctor makes his moves, an observer gets to feeling a sort of "against the tide" motion, that would never come if the established procedure were to have both experimenter and subject facing in the same direction, and with the cubes before them, instead of having them opposite to each other, with the cubes between, as the present instructions insist.

Now we shall return to the general examinations again. So far "intensive examinations" only have been described the procedure that a lessened immigration has made possible to a greater extent than in the past. The other system of inspection in use, is the "line inspection," which has been, up to now, but casually referred to. In this procedure, the immigrant, on arrival, with hat off, but unfortunately with luggage in hand, passes down a line so controlled in its movement, that the physicians may see the immigrant both walking toward them, and also if they so choose, walking away. Four of these lines may be running at one time, a given immigrant in each case, having to pass two physicians. The first, looks at him in general, talks to him (or at least makes the immigrant say something), makes him drop everything and hold out his hands, and if suspicious in any way, marks him for an intensive examination. If marked, the immigrant is passed without comment by the second physician and guided by the attendant into the passage leading to the medical examining rooms. If on the other hand the immigrant is not chalk marked by the first physician, he comes before the second, usually a senior officer, who particularly examines his eyes, and then looks at him in general for as long as he may choose, to pick up anything that may have escaped notice before. If the immigrant is marked on this second inspection, he goes to the examining rooms for careful examination as does the one marked by the first examining physician; but if he escapes marking in both cases, he is then free to pass directly to the Immigration floor.

Here too, in this process, we get separation of families, and from watching this line day after day, one comes to the conclusion that often when there is outward sign of emotion, one member of the family being sent down a separate passage to the Medical Rooms while the other members go their way, the cause is often traced, not to the main feature of separation and anxiety, but to some small and little expected thing.

One notices also with interest, something that must, in all probability, have been planned, though no one seemed to know of its direct planning. At the separation point, where one way leads to the Immigration floor, and the other, parallel to it for a distance, leads to the Doctor's rooms, the wire dividing partition is covered

with canvas; but after a few yards, the canvas covering is discontinued. Now at the time of separation, there is a shock, and people stop. Moved on by the attendant, as long as the canvas keeps them from seeing their companion, they "move on," to stop at once where the removal of the canvas gives a chance to talk, and to pass belongings back and forth. This means that the passage is kept from being blocked, and yet that a chance is given for communication, before the pathways finally separate. It is in working out, a most simple way of accomplishing very necessary ends, and is an example of the kind of growth to fit circumstances that is everywhere apparent.

After the Medical Inspection comes the Immigration Inspection, where the groups and individuals as they arrive on the "Inspection Floor," are directed down a lane of benches, leading to the Inspector, who has the particular manifest sheet containing their names. A family not complete, as we have seen, waits. Here too there are interpreters, and attendants to help, and the lines often move very quickly. The illiteracy test must be passed at the Inspector's desk, and the necessary questions must be answered. If this is done successfully, the immigrant passes out to the New York ferry, where Traveller's Aid representatives wait to help him, or into the railroad room, where he is transferred by a special boat to his railroad line, and there met and put on his train, or to a temporary detention room, if he is not to be discharged from the island until he is put into the hands of friends. From this room, which is used most particularly to guard women travelling alone, no one leaves the island, until the person calling, has satisfied an Inspector, that he is the expected husband, or father, or brother as the case may be.

Then there are those who do not pass out. An individual may be held until his case is passed upon by a "Board of Special Inquiry." These "Boards" consist of three inspectors, and they are usually served by an interpreter and a messenger.

An immigrant held for such inquiry, is not allowed to see his friends, until the inquiry is over; but he may have his own necessary witnesses at the inquiry itself. In a separate room, before these three "judges" then, first of all the immigrant makes his statement, or it is drawn from him by questioning. In front

of the judges, are all the papers in the case, of which a brief summary is usually given at the very outset. After the judges are satisfied that they have all the facts that the immigrant can give them, the messenger summons the witnesses from an adjoining waiting room.

This is a most interesting moment to watch; because the sister may be looking at the brother for the first time in many years, or a woman, for the first time, may be seeing the man that she has come thousands of miles to marry. Yet in this moment, there is no break in the proceedings. The immigrant is not allowed to speak to the witness-the witness sometimes does not even glance at the bench, where the immigrant is sitting. All thoughts center on the inquiry itself. Personal thoughts have no place. But if the verdict is favorable, and the word of admission is briefly announced, witnesses and immigrants, in the midst of tears and embraces, may have to be swept out of the inquiry room together, by the messenger who has to clear the decks instantly for the oncoming

case.

When a favorable decision can not be given, the witnesses may be questioned merely, and depart again, waiting for further consideration of the case. If the decision is an adverse one, the immigrant then and there is asked if he wishes to appeal, and if he does, the appeal is made ready for him to sign. Decisions here rest solely on the law. Any exceptions to the law, must come from higher authorities. That makes for the successful working out of the general scheme, yet this is the stage that the newspapers often use, for those heart rending stories, which in their final settlement (have) not separated mothers from babies or student husbands from accompanying wives.

If there is not this "Special Inquiry" as the cause for detention, there may be detention to wait for money, or for the recovery of a sick child, or there may be the detention until a steamer sails to take the immigrant back to a foreign port again, if he is mandatorially excludable from disease or from character, or if he is over quota, or likely to become a public charge, or if he infringes the rules as to "contract labor," or in some other way has not the right to enter the United States.

If an immigrant is detained, he often settles down to a certain