SUMMARY OF SENATE JOINT RESOLUTION 48

Senate Joint Resolution 48 (by Senator Case of South Dakota) abolishes the electoral college and provides for proportional division of a State's electoral votes where the minority candidate receives one-third of the popular vote. If no candidate receives a majority of the whole number of electoral votes, election is in the House of Representatives with each State having one vote and a majority of the whole number of States being necessary for election.

S.J. RES 54

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled (two-thirds of each House concurring therein), That the following article is hereby proposed as an amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which shall be valid to all intents and purposes as part of the Constitution when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States:

"ARTICLE

"SECTION 1. The right of citizens of the United States, who are eighteen years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of age. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

"SEC. 2. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission to the States by the Congress."

SUMMARY OF SENATE JOINT RESOLUTION 54

Senate Joint Resolution 54 (by Senator Dirksen) provides that voting rights of 18-year-old citizens shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State on account of age.

S.J. RES. 58

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled (two-thirds of each House concurring therein), That the following article is hereby proposed as an amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which shall be valid to all intents and purposes as part of the Constitution only if ratified by the legislatures of threefourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission by the Congress:

"ARTICLE

"SECTION 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State by reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax or to meet any property qualification.

"SEC. 2. Nothing in this article shall be construed to invalidate any provision of law denying the right to vote to paupers or persons supported at public expense or by charitable institutions.

"SEC. 3. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation."

SUMMARY OF SENATE JOINT RESOLUTION 58

Senate Joint Resolution 58 (introduced by Senator Holland, with 66 other Senators as cosponsors) provides that the right of citizens to vote in primary or other elections for presidential electors, or for Senators or Representatives,

shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State for failure to pay any poll tax or meet any property qualification. It provides further that it shall not be construed to invalidate laws denying the right to vote to paupers or persons supported at public expense or by charitable institutions.

S.J. RES. 67

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled (two-thirds of each House concurring therein), That the following article is hereby proposed as an amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which shall be valid to all intents and purposes as part of the Constitution when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States:

"ARTICLE

"SECTION 1. The right of citizens of the United States, who have reached the age of eighteen years, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of age. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

"SEC. 2. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission to the States by the Congress."

SUMMARY OF SENATE RESOLUTION 67

Senate Joint Resolution 67 (by Senator Keating) provides that voting rights of 18-year-old citizens shall not abridged by the United States or any State on account of age.

S.J. RES. 71

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled (two-thirds of each House concurring therein), That the following article is hereby proposed as an amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which shall be valid to all intents and purposes as part of the Constitution when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States:

"ARTICLE

"SECTION 1. The right of citizens of the United States, who are eighteen years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of age. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

"SEC. 2. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission to the States by the Congress."

SUMMARY OF SENATE JOINT RESOLUTION 71

Senate Joint Resolution 71 (by Senator Randolph with Senator Byrd of West Virginia as cosponsor) provides that voting rights of 18-year-old citizens shall not be abridged by the United States or any State on account of age.

S.J. RES. 81

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled (two-thirds of each House concurring therein), That the following article is hereby proposed as an amendment to the Constitution of the United States, and the said article shall be valid to all intents and

purposes as part of the Constitution if ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission by the Congress:

"ARTICLE

"SECTION 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State by reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax or to meet any property qualification.

"SEC. 2. Nothing in this article shall be construed to invalidate any provision of law denying the right to vote to paupers or persons supported at public expense or by charitable institutions.

"SEC. 3. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation."

SUMMARY OF SENATE JOINT RESOLUTION 81

Senate Joint Resolution 81 (introduced by Senator Clark, with Senators Hart, Williams of New Jersey, Long of Missouri, Humphrey, Gruening, and Symington as cosponsors) provides that the right of citizens to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senators or Representatives, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State for failure to pay any poll tax or meet any property qualification. It provides further that it shall not be construed to invalidate laws denying the right to vote to paupers or persons supported at public expense or by charitable institutions.

S.J. RES. 90

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled (two-thirds of each House concurring therein), That the following article is hereby proposed as an amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which shall be valid to all intents and purposes as part of the Constitution when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States:

"ARTICLE

"SECTION 1. No citizen of the United States who is otherwise qualified to vote in any election held in any State for the purpose, in whole or in part, of choosing electors of President and Vice President shall be denied the right to vote for such electors in such election because of any residence requirement imposed by such State if such citizen has resided in such State, or the political subdivision thereof with respect to which the requirement applies, for a period of at least ninety days preceding such election.

"SEC. 2. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission to the States by the Congress."

SUMMARY OF SENATE JOINT RESOLUTION 90

Senate Joint Resolution 90 (by Senator Keating) limits State residence requirements for voting in presidential elections to a period not to exceed 90 days.

S.J. RES. 96

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled (two-thirds of each House concurring therein), That the following article is proposed as an amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which shall be valid to all intents and purposes as part of the Constitution when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States:

"ARTICLE

"SECTION 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and together with the Vice President, chosen for the same term, be elected as provided in this Constitution.

"The electoral college system of electing the President and Vice President of the United States is hereby abolished. The President and Vice President shall be elected by the people of the several States. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislature. The places and manner of holding such election shall be prescribed in each State by the legislature thereof, but the Congress may by law make or alter such regulations. Congress shall determine the time of such election, which shall be the same throughout the United States. Until otherwise determined by the Congress, such election shall be held on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in November of the year preceding the year in which the regular term of the President is to begin. Each State shall be entitled to a number of electoral votes equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which such State may be entitled in the Congress.

"Within forty-five days after such election, or at such time as the Congress shall direct, the official custodian of the election returns of each State shall make distinct lists of all persons for whom votes were cast for President, and of all persons for whom votes were cast for Vice President, the number of votes for each, the total vote of the electors of the State for all persons for President, and the total vote of the electors of the State for all persons for Vice President, which lists he shall sign and certify and transmit sealed to the seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. On the 6th day of January following the election, unless the Congress by law appoints a different day not earlier than the 4th day of January and not later than the 10th day of January, the President of the Senate shall in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives open all certificates and the votes shall then be counted. Each person for whom votes were cast for President in any State shall be credited with such proportion of the electoral votes thereof for President as he received of the total vote of the electors therein for President, and each person for whom votes were cast for Vice President in any State shall be credited with such proportion of the electoral votes thereof for Vice President as he received of the total vote of the electors therein for Vice President. In making the computation, fractional numbers less than one one-thousandth shall be disregarded. The person having the greatest number of electoral votes for President shall be President, if such number is at least 40 per centum of the whole number of such electoral votes. If no person has at least 40 per centum of the whole number of electoral votes, then from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those receiving electoral votes for President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. In choosing the President the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote. A quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. The person having the greatest number of electoral votes for Vice President shall be the Vice President, if such number is at least 40 per centum of the whole number of such electoral votes; and if no person has at least 40 per centum of the whole number of electoral votes, then from the persons having the two highest numbers on the list of those receiving electoral votes for Vice President, the Senate shall choose the Vice President. A quorum for this purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. No person constitutionally ineligible for the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice President of the United States.

"SEC. 2. Paragraphs 1. 2, and 3, of section 1. article II, of the Constitution, and the twelfth article of amendment to the Constitution are hereby repealed. "SEC. 3. This article shall take effect on the tenth day of February following its ratification.

"SEC. 4. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the States within seven years from the date of its submission to the States by the Congress."

SUMMARY OF SENATE JOINT RESOLUTION 96

Senate Joint Resolution 96 (by Senator Ervin) abolishes the electoral college and provides for the division of each State's electoral votes in proportion to the popular votes received by each candidate. If no candidate receives 40 percent of the whole electoral vote, election is in the House of Representatives with each State having one vote and a majority of all the States necessary for election. The place and manner of elections are to be prescribed by the State legislatures, but subject to change by Congress.

S.J. RES. 102

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled (two-thirds of each House concurring therein), That the following article is proposed as an amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which shall be valid to all intents and purposes as part of the Constitution when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States:

"ARTICLE

"SECTION 1. The official candidates of political parties for President shall be nominated at a primary election held in the various States as provided by this article. Voters in each State in such primary election shall have the qualifications requisite for voters in elections of members of the most numerous branch of the State legislature. The time of such primary election shall be the same throughout the United States and, unless Congress shall by law appoint a different day, such primary election shall be held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in August in the year preceding the expiration of the regular term of President. The places and manner of holding such primary election shall be prescribed in each State by the legislature thereof, but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter such regulations.

"The name of any person shall be included on the ballot as a candidate for nomination for President in any such primary election only if, within sixty days prior to the day of such primary election, such person shall have filed at the seat of the Government of the United States with the Secretary of State a petition containing the signatures of a number of qualified voters equal to at least 1 per centum of the total number of popular votes cast throughout the United States for electors of President and Vice President in the next preceding presidential election, including the signatures of a number of qualified voters in each of two of the sixteen most populous States, a number of qualified voters in each of two of the sixteen next most populous States, and a number of qualified voters in each of two of the eighteen least populous States, equal in each case to not less than 5 per centum of the total number of popular votes cast in the State for electors of President and Vice President in the next preceding presidential election.

"SEC. 2. Within fifteen days after any such primary, or at such other time as the Congress shall by law provide, the official custodian of the election returns of each State shall make separate lists for each political party of all persons for whom votes were cast as nominee for President and the number of votes for each, which he shall sign and certify and transmit sealed to the seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the Secretary of State. The Secretary of State shall open all certificates and determine the results of the primary election.

"For the purpose of such determination, each political party shall be entitled for each State to a number of nominating votes equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which such State is entitled in Congress, and the person receiving the greatest number of popular votes in his political party shall be entitled to all of the nominating votes of such political party for that State. The person having a majority of the nominating votes of any political party for all the States shall be the nominee of that party for President. If in the ease of any political party no person shall receive a majority of the nominating votes of all the States as nominee for President, then a second primary election for that political party shall be held and the names of the two persons seeking the nomination of that party for President who have received the greatest number of nominating votes in the first primary election