on solar energy, desalinization of salt water, and so forth, biochemistry, and there are in the world men of great skill and knowledge and expertise, and if they want to come to our fair land, I think we should encourage them.

Mr. FEIGHAN. Well, you are speaking about persons with special skills who would come to the United States, and who would partake in productive capacity, brought about by new changes in technology and automation. But my question is as to the overall number, not restricted to those who have special skills.

Mr. CELLER. Let me tell you something about that in my own city of New York, and John Lindsay is here, and he will probably bear me out. We are not getting into this country what we call enough new seed immigration. The result is, for example, in order to fill the economic vacuum in New York City, there are coming into New York quite a number of Puerto Ricans.

You couldn't conduct a hotel in New York, you couldn't conduct a restaurant in New York, of any consequence, you couldn't conduct a laundry in New York, if you didn't have rough laborers. We haven't got the rough laborers anymore. The Italians, and Germans, and Portuguese, and the Czechoslovakians, and the Yugoslavs, and the Poles. They don't work at those rough chores anymore, so we are compelled, for example, to use Puerto Rican labor.

Now soon that Puerto Rican labor will be exhausted. In the next generation, as the result of better environmental conditions, children grow up, they have good schooling, they have become more Americanized. They won't do that rough work. Where are we going to get people to do that rough work?

If you try to build a railroad today-of course, you probably won't build railroads any more-but you would have difficulty getting the people to do that rough work on the laying of those tracks. We had difficulty getting those to build our tunnels and our bridges in New York. I don't mean the skilled. I mean the unskilled labor. It is very hard to get it.

Mr. MOORE. Mr. Chairman, may I interrupt the Chairman, and ask him, then, why are you on record against the Mexican bracero bill, providing these laborers for California and Texas to do these menial tasks that have to be done?

Mr. CELLER. Which bill was that?

Mr. MOORE. The bracero bill.

Mr. CELLER. You mean the Mexican labor?

Mr. MOORE. Yes.

Mr. CELLER. Well, you catch me a little unaware. I am not aware of all the details of that bill.

Mr. MOORE. That provides for the Mexican laborer to come into the country legally rather than as a "wetback" and to take the low paid, stoop labor jobs in California and elsewheres during their harvest time, and it is synonymous, is it not, to the premise you lay concerning the jobs that the Puerto Ricans now do in New York? But now you have opposed that particular bill, and I ask you to reconcile the two points.

Mr. CELLER. I opposed it because they don't pay enough-they only pay substandard wages. We pay standard wages in New York, when we get the rough labor. If, for example, those migratory

レ

laborers were given a fair shake as to wages, I would undoubtedly approve a bill like that, but as I understand it, the testimony was that wages paid were pitiful, and the conditions under which they labored were not of the best. That is the distinction.

Mr. MOORE. I think you will find that they do get the prevailing wage in the area, and that they do receive the minimum wage in California.

Mr. CELLER. Do they?

Mr. MOORE. I think that has been a suggested camouflage with respect to the bill, although I have opposed it, myself, but I couldn't conceivably see why in one instance, you were suggesting the dearth of this type of labor for New York, but yet you opposed that type of labor for California.

Mr. CELLER. Only on account of the wage situation and the conditions, the certain type of conditions under which they work. Mr. MOORE. If I am interfering

Mr. CELLER. These conditions under which wetbacks work in certain of our Southern States are not of the best, and they are most deplorable conditions that exist there.

Mr. MOORE. With respect to the national law, restaurant workers, laundry workers, those in the classified area that you speak of, are not covered under minimum wage today, so they in all probability receive less than the minimum wage in New York.

Mr. CELLER. But they are paid a living wage in New York. You couldn't pay less in New York. You have got to pay them, and pay them well. Otherwise, you won't get them. They are pretty conscious of what their needs are, and they make their demands, and they have their unions.

Mr. RODINO. That is the second bell, Mr. Chairman.

Mr. FEIGHAN. Well, we will recess until an appointed time at the call of the Chair, when we agree.

Mr. CELLER. Well, Mr. Chairman, I hope that I won't-I would like to come back, but I have so many other chores, I hope you will forgive me on this.

Mr. FEIGHAN. Well, we anticipate asking many questions of you, Mr. Chairman. For that reason, we want to continue the next meeting with you as our witness.

Mr. CELLER. Well, could it be some day next week?

Mr. CHELF. At his convenience.

Mr. FEIGHAN. At your convenience.

Mr. CELLER. Yes, some day next week, if you don't mind.

Mr. FEIGHAN. All right.

Mr. CELLER. I will be in touch with you.

Mr. FEIGHAN. Very well.

Mr. CELLER. Thank you.

(Whereupon, at 11:10 a.m., the subcommittee was recessed subject

to the call of the Chair.)

(Mr. Celler's bill is as follows:)

[H.R. 7700, 88th Cong., 1st sess.]

A BILL To amend the Immigration and Nationality Act, and for other purposes

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That section 201 (a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (66 Stat. 175; 8 U.S.C. 1151(a)) be amended to read as follows: "SEC. 201. (a) The annual quota of any quota area shall be the same quota heretofore determined under the provisions of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952: Provided, That the minimum quota for any quota area shall be two hundred: Provided further, That beginning with the first fiscal year commencing after the enactment of this Act and for each of the four succeeding fiscal years the annual quota of every quota area shall be reduced by 20 per centum of its present number for each such fiscal year. The quota numbers so deducted from quotas of quota areas shall be added to the quota reserve established by subsection (f) of this section and shall be available for distribution in accordance with the provisions thereof."

SEC. 2. Section 201 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (66 Stat. 175; 8 U.S.C. 1151) is amended by adding the following additional subsection: "(f) Quota numbers made available at the commencement of any fiscal year as a result of the reduction of the annual quota of any quota areas pursuant to subsection (a) of this section, together with quota numbers not issued or otherwise used during the previous fiscal year, shall then be made available (1) during the five fiscal years following the passage of this Act, to quota immigrants, if otherwise admissible under the provisions of this Act, who are unable to obtain prompt issuance of visas due to oversubscription of their quotas or subquotas as determined by the Secretary of State, and (2), thereafter, to quota immigrants if otherwise admissible under the provisions of this Act. These quota numbers shall be allocated within the percentage limitations and in the order of priority specified in section 203 without regard to the quota to which the alien is chargeable: Provided, however, That the combined number of quota numbers issued to any quota area in any year, under the provisions of this subsection and subsection a of this section, shall not exceed 10 per centum of the total quota numbers authorized for that year: Provided further, That in no case shall this limitation operate to reduce any quota in any of the five fiscal years following the enactment of this Act by more than the 20 per centum specified in subsection (a) of this section: And provided further, That the President may, after consultation with the Immigration Board, reserve

"(1) not to exceed 50 per centum of such numbers for allocation to quota immigrants, if otherwise admissible under the provisions of this Act, whose admission is determined by him to be required (A) to avoid undue hardship, resulting from the reduction of annual quotas pursuant to subsection (a) of this section, which is not otherwise avoided under the provisions of this subsection, and (B) in the national security interest of the United States: Provided, That the limitation on immigration from any single country in any year shall not apply to visas issued under this clause; and

"(2) not to exceed 20 per centum of such numbers for allocation to quota immigrants, if otherwise admissible under the provisions of this Act, whose admission will further the traditional policy of the United States of offering asylum and refuge to persons oppressed or persecuted, or threatened with oppression or persecution, because of their race, color, religion, national origin, adherence to democratic beliefs, or their opposition to totalitarianism or dictatorship, and to persons uprooted by natural calamity or military operations who are unable to return to their usual place of abode After consultation with the Attorney General, the Secretary of State shall establish by regulation the requirements for qualification within this class, with reference to current world conditions

In no case shall the authority to reserve such numbers, or the limitation on the combined number of quota numbers to be issued to any quota area in any year, operate so as to require that authorized quota numbers be unused."

SEC. 3. Section 201(c) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (66 Stat. 176; 8 U.S.C. 1151 (c)) is amended to read as follows:

"There shall be issued to quota immigrants chargeable to any quota (1) no more immigrant visas in any fiscal year than the quota for such year, and (2) in any calendar month of any fiscal year, no more immigrant visas than 10 per centum of the quota for such year in addition to that portion of the quota au

thorized for issuance but not issued during any preceding calendar month or months of the same fiscal year; except that during the last two months of any fiscal year immigrant visas may be issued without regard to the 10 per centum limitation contained herein."

SEC. 4. (a) Section 202(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (66 Stat. 176; 8 U.S.C. 1152(a)) is amended by deleting paragraph (5) thereof.

(b) Section 202(b) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (66 Stat. 177; 8 U.S.C. 1152(b)) is repealed.

(c) Section 202(c) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (66 Stat. 177; 8 U.S.C. 1152(c)) is redesignated section 202(b) and is amended to read as follows: "Any immigrant born in a colony or other component or dependent area of a governing country for which no separate or specific quota has been established, unless a nonquota immigrant as provided in section 101 (a) (27) of this Act, shall be chargeable to the quota of the governing country, except that no more persons born in any such colony or other component or dependent area overseas from the governing country shall be chargeable to the quota of its governing country in any one year than a number which bears the same relation to the quota of its governing country as the number two hundred bears to the quota of the governing country prior to the enactment of this Act."

(d) Section 202(d) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (66 Stat. 178; 8 U.S.C. 1152(d)) is redesignated section 202(c).

(e) Section 202(e) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (66 Stat. 178), as amended (75 Stat. 654), (8 U.S.C. 1152(e)) is redesignated section 202(d) and is further amended by substituting "section 202(b)" for "section 202(c)(1)" after the words "issued under."

SEC. 5. Section 207 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (66 Stat. 181; 8 U.S.C. 1157) is repealed, and the following inserted in its place:

"A quota immigrant visa shall not be issued to any alien who is eligible for a nonquota immigrant visa."

SEC. 6. Paragraph (27) (A) of section 101 (a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (66 Stat. 169; 8 U.S.C. 1101(a) (27) (A)) is amended to read as follows:

"(A) An immigrant who is the child, spouse, or parent of a citizen of the United States."

SEC. 7. Paragraph (27)(C) of section 101(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (66 Stat. 169; 8 U.S.C. 1101 (a) (27) (C) is amended to read as follows:

"(C) An immigrant who was born in any independent foreign country of North, Central, or South America, or in any independent island country adjacent thereto, or in the Canal Zone, and the spouse and children of any such immigrant, if accompanying or following to join him:".

SEC. 8. (a) Section 203 (a)(1) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (66 Stat. 178; 8 U.S.C. 1153(a) (1)) is amended by deleting the words "determined by the Attorney General to be needed urgently in," and substituting the words "especially advantageous to."

(b) Section 203 (a) (2) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (66 Stat. 178), as amended (73 Stat. 644; 8 U.S.C. 1153 (a) (2)), is amended by deleting the words "parents of citizens of the United States, such citizens being at least twenty-one years of age or who are the".

(c) Section 203(a)(4) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (66 Stat. 178), as amended (73 Stat. 644; 8 U.S.C. 1153(a) (4)), is amended by

(1) inserting after the words "married daughters of citizens of the United States" a comma, followed by the words "or parents of aliens lawfully admitted for permanent residence," and

(2) adding at the end thereof the following: "Qualified quota immigrants capable of performing specified functions for which a shortage of employable and willing persons exists in the United States shall be entitled to a preference not to exceed 50 per centum of the immigrant visas remaining available for issuance under this paragraph after the preference to the named relatives of United States citizens and resident aliens is satisfied or exhausted." SEC. 9. Section 204 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (66 Stat. 179; 8 U.S.C. 1154) is amended as follows:

(1) Subsections (a) and (c) are amended by deleting the words "or section 203 (a) (1) (A)” and substituting, in each instance, a comma, followed by the words "section 203 (a) (1) (A) or the last clause of section 203 (a) (4).”

(2) Subsection (b) is amended (A) by deleting the words "section 203(a) (1) (A)" and substituting the words "the last clause of section 203(a) (4) and (B) by inserting, after the words "required by the Attorney General" the words "after consultation with the Immigration Board.'

(3) Subsection (d) is redesignated (e) and is amended by deleting the words "or section 203 (a) (1) (A)," and substituting a comma, followed by the words "section 203(a)(1)(A) or the last clause of section 203(a) (4).”

(4) The following new subsection is inserted after subsection (c): "(d) Any immigrant claiming in his application to be entitled to an immigrant visa under section 203(a)(1) (A) of the Act shall file a petition with the Attorney General. The petition shall be in such form as the Attorney General may by regulations prescribe and shall contain such additional information and be supported by such documentary evidence as may be required by the Attorney General. The petition shall be made under oath administered by any individual having authority to administer oaths, if executed in the United States, but, if executed outside the United States, administered by a consular officer."

SEC. 10. The first sentence of section 205(b) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (66 Stat. 180), as amended (73 Stat. 644; 8 U.S.C. 1155(b)), is amended to read as follows:

"(b) Any citizen of the United States claiming that any immigrant is his spouse, child, or parent, and that such immigrant is entitled to a nonquota immigrant status under section 101(a) (27) (A) of this Act, or any citizen of the United States claiming that any immigrant is his unmarried son or unmarried daughter and that such immigrant is entitled to a quota immigrant status under section 203 (a) (2) of this Act, or any alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence claiming that any immigrant is his spouse or his unmarried son or unmarried daughter and that such immigrant is entitled to a quota immigrant status under section 203 (a)(3) of this Act, or any citizen of the United States claiming that any immigrant is his brother or sister or his married son or his married daughter and that such immigrant is entitled to a preference under section 203 (a) (4) of this Act, or any alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence claiming that any immigrant is his parent and that such immigrant is entitled to a preference under section 203 (a) (4) of this Act, may file a petition with the Attorney General." SEC. 11. (a) Section 1 of the Act of July 14, 1960 (74 Stat. 504), is amended by inserting the word "and" after the words "Communist-occupied," by inserting a period after the word "made," and by deleting the third clause of said section and the word "and" immediately preceding it.

(b) Section 2 of the Act of July 14, 1960 (74 Stat. 504), as amended (76 Stat. 124) is amended by deleting (1) the letter "(a)” immediately following the words "SEC. 2.", and (2) subsection (b) thereof.

SEC. 12. Section 15(c) (2) of the Act of September 11, 1957 (71 Stat. 644), is amended by deleting the word "Libya" and inserting the word "Morocco" in its place.

SEC. 13. Section 281 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (66 Stat. 230; 8 U.S.C. 1351) is amended as follows:

(1) Immediately after "SEC. 281." insert "(a)".

(2) Paragraph (2) is amer ded to read as follows:

"(2) For the issuance of each immigrant visa, $20; except that such fee shall be $10 in the case of any alien who is the beneficiary of a petition required under section 204 (b) or 205(b)."

(3) The followir g is inserted after paragraph (7), and is designated subsection (b):

"The time and manner of payment of the fees specified in paragraphs (1) and (2) of subsection (a) of this section, including but not limited to partial deposit or prepayment at the time of registration, or postponement for an appropriate period, shall be prescribed by the Secretary of State."

(4) The paragraph beginning with the words "The fees" is designated subsection (c).

SEC. 14. Section 203(c) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (66 Stat. 179; 8 U.S.C. 1153(c)) is amended by adding at the end thereof the following: "The Secretary of State, in his discretion, may terminate the registration on a quota waiting list of any alien who fails to evidence his continued intention to apply for a visa in such manner as may be by regulation prescribed."

SEC. 15. (a) Paragraph (4) of section 212(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Art (66 Stat. 182; 8 U.S.C. 1182(a) (4)) is amended by deleting the word "epilepsy" and the commas before and after it.

(b) Section 212(g) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (75 Stat. 654; 8 U.S.C. 1182(g)) is amended to read as follows:

"Any alien who is excludable from the United States under paragraphs (1), (2), (3), or (4) of subsection (a) of this section, and any alien afflicted with tuber