(1) Technological opportunities, impacts, changes, and threats should be anticipated and assessed, and appropriate measures should be implemented to influence such technological developments in ways beneficial to the United States and other countries.

(2) The mutually beneficial applications of technology in bilateral and multilateral agreements and activities involving the United States and foreign countries or international organizations should be recognized and supported as an important element of United States foreign policy.

(3) The United States Government should implement appropriate measures to insure that individuals are trained in the use of science and technology as an instrument in international relations and that officers and employees of the United States Government engaged in formal and informal exchanges of scientific and technical information, personnel, and hardware are knowledgeable in international affairs.

(4) In recognition of the environmental and technological factors that change relations among countries and in recognition of the growing interdependence between the domestic and foreign policies and programs of the United States, United States foreign policy should be continually reviewed by the executive and legislative branches of the Government to insure appropriate and timely application of science and technology to the conduct of United States foreign policy.

(5) 18 Federally supported international science and technology agreements should be negotiated to ensure that

(A) intellectual property rights are properly protected; and

(B) access to research and development opportunities and facilities and the flow of scientific and technological information, are, to the maximum extent practicable, equitable and reciprocal.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE PRESIDENT

SEC. 503.19 (a) The President, in consultation with the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy and other officials whom the President considers appropriate, shall

(1) notwithstanding any other provision of law, insure that the Secretary of State is informed and consulted before any agency of the United States Government takes any major action, primarily involving science or technology, with respect to any foreign government or international organization;

(2) identify and evaluate elements of major domestic science and technology programs and activities of the United States. Government with significant international implications;

(3) identify and evaluate international scientific or technological developments with significant implications for domestic programs and activities of the United States Government; and

18 Sec. 5171(a) of Public Law 100-418 (102 Stat. 1452) added paragraph (5).

19 22 U.S.C. 2656c.

(4) assess and initiate appropriate international scientific and technological activities which are based upon domestic_scientific and technological activities of the United States Government and which are beneficial to the United States and foreign countries.

(b) The President shall study and not later than January 31, 1980, and not later than January 31 of each year thereafter, shall transmit to the Speaker of the House of the House of Representatives and the Committees on Foreign Relations and Governmental Affairs of the Senate 20 a report containing information and 20 recommendations with respect to

(1) personnel requirements, and standards and training for service of officers and employees of the United States Government, with respect to assignments in any Federal agency which involve foreign relations and science or technology;

(2) the continuation of existing bilateral and multilateral activities and agreements primarily involving science and technology, including (A) an analysis of the foreign policy implications and the scientific and technological benefits of such activities or agreements for the United States and other parties, (B) the adequacy of the funding for and administration of such activities and agreements, and (C) plans for future evaluation of such activities and agreements on a routine basis; and

(3) 20 equity of access by United States public and private entities to public (and publicly supported private) research and development opportunities and facilities in each country which is a major trading partner of the United States.

(c) Except as otherwise provided by law, nothing in this section shall be construed as requiring the public disclosure of sensitive information relating to intelligence sources or methods or to persons engaged in monitoring scientific or technological developments for intelligence purposes.

(d) 21 (1) The information and recommendations developed under subsection (b)(3) shall be made available to the United States Trade Representative for use in his consultations with Federal agencies pursuant to Executive orders pertaining to the transfer of science and technology.

(2) In providing such information and recommendations, the President shall utilize information developed by any Federal departments, agencies, or interagency committees, as he may consider necessary.

RESPONSIBILITY OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE

SEC. 504.22 (a)(1) 23 In order to implement the policies 23 set forth in section 502 of this title, the Secretary of State (hereafter in this section referred to as the "Secretary") shall have primary responsibility for coordination and oversight with respect to all major sci

20 Sec. 5171(b) of Public Law 100-418 (102 Stat. 1453) struck out "Congress" and inserted in lieu thereof reference to the Speaker of the House and Committees; inserted "information and"; and added a new paragraph (3).

21 Sec. 5171(c) of Public Law 100-418 (102 Stat. 1453) added a new subsec. (d).

22 22 U.S.C. 2656d.

23 Sec. 5171(d) of Public Law 100-418 (102 Stat. 1453) redesignated subsec. (a) as (a)(1); struck out "policy" and inserted "policies"; and added paragraphs (2) and (3).

ence or science and technology agreements and activities between the United States and foreign countries, international organizations, or commissions of which the United States and one or more foreign countries are members.

(2) 23 In coordinating and overseeing such agreements and activities, the Secretary shall consider (A) scientific merit; (B) equity of access as described in section 503(b); (C) possible commercial or trade linkages with the United States which may flow from the agreement or activity; (D) national security concerns; and (E) any other factors deemed appropriate.

(3) 23 Prior to entering into negotiations on such an agreement or activity, the Secretary shall provide Federal agencies which have primary responsibility for, or substantial interest in, the subject matter of the agreement or activity, including those agencies responsible for

(A) Federal technology management policies set forth by Public Law 96-517 and the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980;

(B) national security policies;

(C) United States trade policies; and

(D) relevant Executive orders,

with an opportunity to review the proposed agreement or activity to ensure its consistency with such policies and Executive orders, and to ensure effective interagency coordination.

(b) The Secretary shall, to such extent or in such amounts as are provided in appropriation Acts, enter into long-term contracts, including contracts for the services of consultants, and shall make grants and take other appropriate measures in order to obtain studies, analyses, and recommendations from knowledgeable persons and organizations with respect to the application of science or technology to problems of foreign policy.

(c) The Secretary shall, to such extent or in such amounts as are provided in appropriation Acts, enter into short-term and longterm contracts, including contracts for the services of consultants, and shall make grants and take other appropriate measures in order to obtain assistance from knowledgeable persons and organizations in training officers and employees of the United States Government, at all levels of the Foreign Service and Civil Service—

(1) in the application of science and technology to problems of United States foreign policy and international relations generally; and

(2) in the skills of long-range planning and analysis with respect to the scientific and technological aspects of United States foreign policy.

(d) In obtaining assistance pursuant to subsection (c) in training personnel who are officers or employees of the Department of State, the Secretary may provide for detached service for graduate study at accredited colleges and universities. (e) 24 *

* [Repealed-1982]

24 Subsec. (e), which had required a report from the Secretary of State concerning the coordination and oversight of all major science or science and technology agreements and activities between the United States and foreign countries, international organizations, or commissions, was repealed by sec. 505(a)2) of Public Law 97-241 (96 Stat. 299). The Secretary submitted this report on January 19, 1979, and filed a supplemental report on October 26, 1979.

TITLE VI-POLICY PROVISIONS

INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS POLICY

SEC. 601.25 The Congress finds that

(1) a series of multilateral meetings scheduled to convene in 1978 and 1979 (including the twentieth General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization; the Thirty-second United Nations General Assembly; the United Nations Conference on Science and Technology for Development; and the World Administrative Radio Conference of the International Telecommunications Union) will address a complex variety of international communications and information issues and will likely, through the promulgation of binding agreements relating to such issues, have a significant and lasting effect on the free flow of information and ideas among the countries of the world; and

(2) since the United States is the leading user of communications channels and information in the world, the United States Government should have a comprehensive policy regarding the various communications and information issues that have entered international discussions and should establish an effective mechanism by which to develop and coordinate United States policy on such issues.

ACTION CONCERNING RESOURCES

SEC. 602.26 It is the sense of the Congress that the President should convey to all countries having an interest in cetacean sea life the serious concern of the Congress regarding the continuing destruction of these marine mammals (highlighted by the recent slaughter of dolphins in the Sea of Japan by Japanese fishermen) and should encourage such countries

(1) to join in international discussions with other such countries in order to advance general understanding of cetacean life and thereby facilitate an effective use of the living marine resources of the world which does not jeopardize the natural balance of the aquatic environment;

(2) to participate in an exchange of information with the National Marine Fisheries Service of the United States Department of Commerce, including cooperation in studies of—

(A) the impact of cetaceans on ecologically related human foodstuffs, and

(B) alternative methods of dealing with cetacean problems as they occur;

(3) to cooperate in establishing an international cetacean commission to advance understanding of cetacean life and to insure the effective conservation and protection of cetaceans on a global scale; and

25 Sec. 505(a) of Public Law 97-241 (96 Stat. 299) repealed subsec. (b) of this section which had required a report from the President describing procedures established by which to develop and maintain a comprehensive U.S. policy regarding international communication and information issues and discussing U.S. goals and positions concerning anticipated international meetings addressing such issues. The President submitted this report on Feb. 8, 1979.

26 22 U.S.C. 1361 note.

(4) to adopt comprehensive marine mammal protection legislation.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNALISTIC FREEDOM

SEC. 603.27 (a) The Congress finds that

(1) news dissemination and the free flow of information across national boundaries are vital to international understanding and to healthy relations among countries; and

(2) recurring and reliable reports strongly indicate that in many countries foreign news correspondents are subject to governmental harassment and restriction, including the denial of access to legitimate news sources, the imposition of censorship, and detention, incarceration, and expulsion.

(b) It is therefore the sense of the Congress that the President should

(1) advise the appropriate officials of any foreign government which subjects foreign news correspondents to harassment and restrictions that the United States considers such mistreatment a significant and potentially damaging factor in overall relations of the United States with such country; and

(2) raise in appropriate international forums the issue of the treatment of foreign news correspondents, with a view toward gaining multilateral support for the legitimate rights of such correspondents.

(c) 28 *

*

[Repealed-1982]

INTERNATIONAL FOOD RESERVE

SEC. 604.29 (a) The Congress finds that

(1) half a billion people suffer regularly from malnutrition or undernutrition;

(2) even very modest shortfalls in crop production can result in greatly increased human suffering, and undercut the benefits of bilateral and multilateral assistance programs, in poor developing countries with chronic food deficits;

(3) increasing variability in world food production and trade presents a serious threat not only to consumers but also to producers;

(4) the World Food Conference recognized the urgent need for an international undertaking to achieve a system of world food security based largely upon strategic food reserves;

(5) the Congress through legislation has repeatedly urged the President to negotiate with other nations to establish such a system of reserves;

(6) although the nations of the world have agreed to begin discussions on a system of grain reserves to regulate food availability, agreement on a global network of nationally held reserves still eludes the international community;

27 22 U.S.C. 2656 note.

28 Subsec. (c), which had required a report from the President describing actions taken pursuant to subsec. (b), was repealed by sec. 505(a)(2) of Public Law 97-241 (96 Stat. 299). The President submitted this report on Feb. 8, 1979.

29 22 U.S.C. 2220 note.