On the arch of the orbit of the eye and in the thickness as it were of the eyebrow, is a muscle below the one just mentioned. It is attached, on one end, to the ridge of bone just above the eye brow; and on the other to the muscle of the forehead and to that surrounding the eye and,making up part of the eyelids. This is the corrugator or knitter of the eye-brows, and gives when it contracts the expression of frowning or scowling, by drawing downwards and inwards the eye-brows.

The circular muscle of the eye constituting part of the eyelids, serves by its contraction to close the eye, chiefly by shutting the upper eyelid During this time it also depresses the eye-brow.

VOL. IV-B

The muscles of the face proper, may be divided into two classes: the one to raise the nostril and upper lip and to draw the mouth upwards and backwards; the other to depress the nostril and the lower lip and to draw the mouth downwards and backwards.

The first of the superior set of muscles of the face, is seen passing from the upper part of the bone near the tendon at the inner angle of the eye, down over the side of the nose bordering on the cheek, and is inserted, one band into the nostril, and another into the upper lip. Its upper extremity being fixed, it must when it contracts raise the outer cartilege or wing of the nostril and the upper lip.

The next, to the outside, and a little lower is the elevator of the upper lip, in which one end terminates, whilst the other is attached to the cheek bone at the lower part of the orbicular muscle of the eye with the fibres of which it seems in the plate to be blended.

Nearly in the middle of each side of the face are three muscles, rising from the cheek bone and inserted into the angle of the mouth, which they raise and draw outward. They are of course the chief instruments in smiling, and laughing: only two are exhibited in the plate.

There is a large muscle below these, the lines of which are nearly horizontal, which constitutes the chief one of the cheek and which is seen greatly dilated in blowing the horn or trumpet. Its use is to force the air out of the mouth by contracting its cavity, to draw the angle of the mouth backwarks, and in mastication to press the food within the line of the teeth.

But the chief muscle for mastication is external to this, passing from the arch of the cheek bone to the outer angle of the lower Jaw. It is very plainly felt and seen in the act of mastication. This has little or nothing to do with expression.

The second set of muscles more directly concerned in expression and in a measure antagonist to those on the upper part of the face, are, the depressor of the outer cartilage of the nostrils, not visible in the profile view, the depressor of the angle of the mouth readily seen going from this part to the lower jaws. Its name is indicative of its action, which is also expressive of grief. It is the direct antagonist of the elevator of the angle of the mouth with the fibres of which it seems to be blended.

Adjoining this is the depressor of the lower lip, nearly square and attached below to the lower jaw and above to the lower lip.

Between this last muscle and its fellow on the opposite side, is a small one, the elevator of the chin giving to this latter when the muscle is in action a marked prominence.

An important muscle of expression is the circular one or orbicular of the mouth-it constitutes the thickness of the lips, and serves when contracted to fix the other muscles of the face, the ends of which, such as the elevators and depressors of the lips and angle of the mouth, and thus give an air of repose to the features. Its action is still further evident on playing the flute, in sucking, masticating, &c.

We have not spoken yet of a large muscle on the side of the head, spreading in a fan shape from the upper part of the side of the head to the arch of the cheek bone; and in breadth from the orbicular of the eye to the ear. All of it is not seen here, since it passes under the arch just mentioned, and is attached finally to the jaw bone, which it moves in mastication, as any one may be sensible of by putting his fingers over the upper part of the muscle in the region of the temples, during this act.

Of the muscles of the neck exhibited in the engraving before us, it will be sufficient to mention two: the first is that long and broad one attached, at one end to the large prominence behind the ear, and at the other to the collar bone: it serves to draw the head downwards and to one side; and when, as sometimes happens, it is permanently contracted, it gives rise to what is called stiff-neck.The second muscle, part only of which is seen in the engraving is single, but composed of two symmetrical parts, one on each side the line of the back of the neck. It is attached above to the back and prominent part of the skull, and to the prominences of the upper part of the back bone, and below to the ridge of the shoulder blade and part of the collar bone. It serves to give that graceful roundness to the neck and shoulder which is so much admired. It is a muscle also of expression, since it serves to draw back the shoulders and to slightly move them: If the shoulders be fixed it has the power of inclining the head to one side.

Greater space being taken up with the above descriptions than we had at first anticipated, compels us, however reluctantly, to postpone their application to the various purposes of physiognomical study, to our next number. We propose then showing how much a knowledge of the subject concerns, not merely the speculative observer of other people's manner and expression, but also the artist, whether painter or mimic, and the physician and teacher. In the mean time we would recommend to our readers just to try the physiognomical impression produced by the exercise of the several muscles drawn and described in this article; as in the raising of the eye-brows and wrinkling of the forehead, an approximation of the eye-brows when closely knitted, an elevation of the nostril and upper lip, and of the angle of the mouth, a depression of this angle and also the various motions of the eye by means of its own musoles which are deep seated and not seen in the present drawing. It will be discovered that there are regular instruments of expression for the human face, which act in a determinate manner and not by chance; nor do they vary according to the particular fashion of an actor on the stage, or of a painter in making a portrait. We have at times strange grimaces exhibited by these artists, under the name of representations of passions. We counsel such to study the details set forth in this article, and the varied applications of them which we shall make in our next to the purposes of art and taste— painting, sculpture, dramatic and descriptive poetry.

20

JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND RECREATION.

PHILADELPHIA, SEPTEMBER, 1832.

So close are the intimacy and relationship between Health and Recreation, that in adding the latter to the title of our Journal, we but announce more clearly an union which we have always admitted to exist, and which is essentially demanded for the full enjoyment of either. Labour of mind and body-exercise of each and every organ and faculty of our nature is the main condition for the possession of full health. Of scarcely less importance is relaxation in due season-refreshment of the powers of life by pleasing impressions on the senses, an appeal to the gentler emotions, range given to the imagination, in fine the mind just conscious that it is not entirely at rest.

It is far from our intention, however, to abandon the ground which we have for some time occupied, and as we hope not disadvantageously to the public. Hygiene in all its multifarious subdivisions and varieties will still be our chief theme. Like morals and religion it is inexhaustible: like them indeed its leading truths ought to be familiar to every body; and yet there is no one individual whose attention is not required to be frequently directed to them, and their importance enforced by various illustrations and remarks. We shall not play the part of schoolmen or pedagogues by attempting to measure out the daily task of intellectual exertion, any more than we would pretend to lay down the kind and degree of bodily labour which each man may find necessary in his vocation. But we do propose to show by what means each of the faculties of our mind, those "high capacious powers" shall be ministered to, with a due regard to their separate specific wants, as well as to their combined operation. So far from curtailing the pleasures of life it will be our object to extend and prolong them, by teaching how the vigour of body and freshness and purity of mind are best preserved, and impart reciprocally sympathetic aid. Curiosity, that ever active principle in our nature, must be gratified by explanations of phenomena of daily occurrence, and by narratives of remarkable events and novel incidents. To do this we have at hand abundant

means in popular science and philosophy, travels, history and biography, and, in fine, all the accidents of genius. We may not at the moment be successful in fully explaining our plan, nor do we mean to assert that a fair example is presented in the present number of our work, but we believe that we may refer to it as conveying a tolerably good idea of what our intentions are for the future.

The article on Medical Geography in our present number is purely, as it professes to be, an introduction to the subject. Before describing some of the regions of the old world, remarkable for the peculiarities of climate growing out of soil and the course of great rivers, we had desired to give some notices on this subject, of our own continent. Happily for the execution of our plan, we are enabled to introduce to the notice of our readers an essay from the pen of Dr. Drake, of Cincinnati, on the climate of the Valley of the Mississippi. It will be a source of additional gratification to us, that we shall at the same time give a continental circulation to this article which originally appeared in the "Western Journal of the Medical and Physical Sciences" for July last, edited by Drs. Drake and Finley. The first part of this valuable contribution to American Medical Geography, shall appear in our next number.

Thaddeus Bulgarin, the author of the work Ivan Vejeeghen or Life in Russia, from which and the notes of the translator we have framed an article for our present number, is at present the most popular of all the living writers of Russia, with perhaps the exception of Pushkin. He is a Pole by birth. His father and many of his relatives took an active part in that momentous but unavailing struggle, in which Kosciusko fought and bled. Family affairs called the mother of young Bulgarin to St. Petersburgh, and through her application her son was admitted into the Military College of Cadets. The separation from his father, who was then dangerously ill, so afflicted the latter, that he did not long survive it. Bulgarin began at a very early period to discover his attachment to literature, which was fostered by his teachers, through whom he acquired a knowledge of many foreign languages. In 1805 he entered the Ulan regiment of the Grand Duke Constantine, and was soon engaged in active service against the French. At the battle of Friedland he highly distinguished himself and was rewarded by the order of St. Anne of the third class. In the war between Russia and Sweden, he was in the vanguard under Count Kamensky, and penetrated as far as Torneo. On his second return to the capital he quitted the Russian service altogether, in