Status and Function of Languages and Language Varieties

acrolect areas attitudes attributes Ausbausprache Australia bilingual C₁ C₂ century characterized Chinese Chinese written language co-use code-switching concept context countries creole criteria cultivation cultural Dachsprache defined definition degree dialect diglossia dimensions dissimilarity distinction domains English Esperanto ethnic language evaluation example factors Fishman French functional types German grammar groups Heinz Kloss Hindi India interaction Interlingua Japanese Kloss L₁ L₂ Language Planning language varieties langue lexical Lingala lingua franca linguicism linguistic systems linguistique literary means minority monolingual mother tongue mother-in-law mother-in-law language Muljačić multilingual national language national variety native speakers normal object norms oral Percentage of units pidgin planned languages political prestige problem proper variant regional respect respondents singular language situation social society sociolinguistic Spanish speak specific speech community spoken Sprache standard language standard variety status status/function structure theory tion types of language typology Urdu vernacular Welsh written language