Delinquency and Crime." He struck several wholesome warnings against "isms" in the work. His main thesis was that every situation must be treated in its entirety, that every situation is a process continually in the making, and that the court and clinic machinery becomes part of the psychology of the situation of any offender the minute it has contact with him. The process is one of continuous circular response, what society does to the individual and the individual's retaliation to it. Dr. Herman Adler talked on "Our Responsibility for the Future." He discussed the effect of the organism on the environment,-this being greater for man than for any other organism. This control of the environment furthers the survival of the individual, and is accomplished in two ways,--through wisdom (which is learning from past experience), and through originality (which is finding a new way). Therefore the two essentials in all work in this field of individual and social problems are wisdom and originality. In our treatment of the individual child we must cherish his originality. In closing, Dr. Adler struck the real key-note of the conference. He brought home to his audience that the future of all this work in Illinois lies in the hands of its citizens. Their interest and support is essential if the Institute for Juvenile Research is to develop further, and Illinois is to hold her place as leader on this trail which she has blazed for all the world. The Sunday afternoon program, the symposium of the scientists, was a very valuable contribution to the whole program. In introducing the speakers, Dr. H. Douglas Singer, Director of the Illinois Society for Mental Hygiene, commented on the differences of opinion between the medical and legal experts as regards behavior, and pointed out that what we need to know to clear up these differences, which so confuse the layman, is "What are the real foundations on which behavior rests?" For this we turn to experts in scientific research such as the speakers on the program, Charles M. Child, professor of zoology, University of Chicago, who discussed "The Individual and environment from a Physiologcal Viewpoint," and C. Judson Herrick, professor of neurology. University of Chicago, whose topic was "Self-Control and Social-Control." At the evening meeting two other scientists were presented by Mrs. William F. Dummer, to whom the audience was indebted for the addition of these Sunday programs,-Dr. Franz Boas, professor of Anthropology, Columbia university and Professor Ernest R. Groves, of the Sociology department, University of Boston. From these scientists the audience learned of the part played by heredity, environment, consciousness and self-control, cultural patterns of the environment, and social institutions, in determining the behavior of the individual. There was an optimistic note to this whole discussion as one learned that whereas heredity establishes the limits within which members of the species can develop, environment determines the realization of the individual's possibilities. One also learned that evidences of some degree of control from within the organism are found in all forms of life, from the amoeba to man. These sessions of scientists from allied fields opened up broad vistas of knowledge applicable to practical social problems. One came away from the three-day conference inspired by the personnel of both speakers and audiences, and hopeful for the future of a community where such widespread and deep interest in these vital social problems was manifest. The following individuals and societies comprising the Citizens' Committee were responsible for the success of the occasion: REPORT OF THE SURVEY IN THE TRI-CITIES OF Social Centers; Playgrounds; Libraries; Churches; Boy Scout Movement; Camp Fire; Girl Scouts; Boy Builders; Social Activities analyzed. 2. A Study of Play Interests Play Interests of 628 children; Reading Interests; Play Activities; Group Membership; Group Leadership; Games; Use of Recreational Facilities-library, social center, playground, clubs, comparison of picture show and library attendance. PART VI. PART VII. SUMMARY PART VIII. (APPENDIX) CASE STUDIES PART I. WHY THE SURVEY WAS MADE SINCE its foundation fifteen years ago, the staff of the Institute for Juvenile Research has considered the primary function of the organization to be the study of the mental health of the child. With this as an objective, the approach has been through studies of the physical health, social experiences, intelligence, personality make-up and the career of the child. The carrying out of any program for such study must necessarily draw the workers from each field of investigation, the psychological, psychiatric, and social, into many types of inquiry. Among these, along with the study of the individual child, goes the study of the group into which the individual falls, or the mental health survey. Early in 1922 several far-seeing citizens of the Tri-cities of La Salle, Peru and Oglesby, recognized that the studies of the Institute might well be combined with the resources and problems of their particular community with value to both groups. A report of the organization of the survey in this district has already been published by a member of the Social Service.* The data obtained from the clinical and social material in the Spring of 1923 in the survey of these three Illinois cities comprises the subject material of this section of the report. However, in order to make this paper a unit and to understand the working basis on which the survey staff was established, it is necessary to review briefly a period previous to the survey proper. The idea of a mental hygiene clinic was not a new one to many in this community. The district of the Tri-Cities had already had a visiting clinic established within it several years previous to the survey. The Mental Health Survey-Cornelia D. Hopkins, 1924, National Committee for Mental "Hygiene. This clinic had as its origin the request from the Tri-Cities Family Welfare to the Illinois Society for Mental Hygiene and the Institute for Juvenile Research for aid in the solution of some of their special problems. As a result, a visiting clinic was organized, visits at intervals of about six months were made, and routine psychological and psychiatric examinations were carried on at periods varying from two to six months. Dr. Ralph P. Truitt, director of the Illinois Society for Mental Hygiene, conducted this work for three years. The clinic was at that time entirely dependent on the local agency for all social investigation and treatment work. Up to May 1923, ninety-three cases had thus been examined and treatment outlined. The interest resulting from this demonstration was such that this present study was undertaken in response to insistent demands from the local community. In reviewing its work the local agency had come to the decision that it was not yet functioning with as full an understanding as was possible of its mental health problems. Backed by the three local school boards, the parochial school, the chamber of commerce, the Manufacturers' club and the Women's club, this agency requested a complete survey to be made by the same two organizations that had established the visiting clinic. All expenses other than the salaries of the staff, were borne by the local organizations. Dr. Truitt took charge of the work of the survey as director, and was assisted by the staff of the Institute for Juvenile Research. This briefly was the setting of the survey in 1923. The study itself is an evidence of the advantage of cooperation between independent organizations dealing with various aspects of the general problem of mental hygiene. Aside from the circumstance that this survey was a mental health study of a large and important urban community there are several other points of unusual interest not always included in an undertaking of this sort. First, the request for this study was made by the local community. It was something that was not forced upon it. The community itself had shown its progressive spirit in various other undertakings which had preceded this study, such as the establishment of the Hygienic institute, a Montessori school, the Social center, and the TriCities Medical association. This study therefore did not start out with the handicap so often experienced when a welfare project is forced upon the community either from without or by some irreconcilable minority. It was in a true sense a community effort from the outset and had the community back of it. The second point is that the community, entering upon a study of this sort with such a spirit, was prepared not merely to accept the findings as an interesting addition to its information about itself, but as a basis for constructive and permanent arrangements to utilize the results of the study effectively in the future. It has always been impossible to secure the information so necessary for a complete understanding of a complex community by a study of the entire population. This handicap of course is in evidence also in this study. It has not been possible to study the entire population and, therefore, any generalizations based on the findings of this survey will have to be made with great care because of our ignorance of facts con |