accompanied by their wives to their places of work unless their wives do not want to go. This step was commended by the Council. A petition by the Mwami (King) of Urundi asking for the return of the district of Bugufi from Tanganyika posed an interesting problem. This petition was followed by 21 others, 3 of which supported the Mwami's claim and 18 of which opposed it. As a result of these petitions, the British and Belgian representatives on the Council undertook an investigation in the area in question to ascertain the wishes of the people. They concluded that the overwhelming majority wished no alteration in the status quo. The Council concurred with this conclusion and therefore decided that no action by it was called for. Somaliland Under Italian Administration. With the approval by the General Assembly of a trusteeship agreement on December 3, 1950, Somaliland under Italian administration became the eleventh trust territory to be placed under the international trusteeship system. At its fourth session in 1949 the General Assembly decided that former Italian Somaliland should be placed under trusteeship for a period of ten years, at the end of which time the Territory should become an independent sovereign state. The Assembly resolution recommended that the Trusteeship Council negotiate a draft trusteeship agreement with Italy for submission to the Assembly not later than the fifth regular session. The resolution provided that during the period of trusteeship the administering authority should be aided and advised by an Advisory Council composed of representatives of Colombia, Egypt, and the Philippines and that the trusteeship agree ment should include an annex containing a declaration of constitutional principles. The resolution further provided that Italy should be invited to undertake provisional administration at a time to be agreed upon between Italy and the United Kingdom after the Trusteeship Council and Italy had negotiated the trusteeship agreement. The Trusteeship Council, meeting in special session, appointed a committee of six, including the United States, to seek agreement on the text of a draft trusteeship agreement prior to the sixth session of the Council. With representatives of Italy, Egypt, and Colombia participating and with Ethiopia represented by observers, this committee negotiated a draft agreement which was unanimously adopted by the Trusteeship Council on January 27, 1950. Pursuant to the General Assembly resolution, the United Kingdom turned over the administration of Somaliland to Italy on April 1, 1950. The provision for an Advisory Council and the annex containing constitutional principles are features not found in any other trusteeship arrangements. In the preparation of the draft trusteeship agree ment in the Trusteeship Council, three articles gave rise to particular problems. These were the provisions relating to the boundaries of the territory, the question of defense and armed forces, and the question of land and other natural resources. Inasmuch as the greater part of the boundary between Ethiopia and former Italian Somaliland has been in dispute, some difficulty was encountered in drafting article 1. A satisfactory solution was reached providing that the boundaries shall be those fixed by international agreement and, where they are not already delimited, that they shall be delimited in accordance with the procedure approved by the General Assembly. Pursuant to the resolution on boundaries of the former Italian colonies adopted by the General Assembly at its fourth session, the Interim Committee of the General Assembly and the General Assembly itself considered this question during 1950. A summary of these developments is contained in chapter I of this report. During the Trusteeship Council consideration of the bounda ries question, the United Kingdom representative informed the Council of the provisional boundary line which would be established for the transfer of the territory to Italy. With respect to the question of defense and armed forces in article 6, there was initially a marked divergence between the representatives of the Philippines and Italy during the Council's discussion. The Philippine representative wished to prohibit the establishment of military, naval, or air bases and the stationing or employing of Italian forces in the Territory. He also wished matters relating to defense to be decided by the United Nations. After some discussion the Council decided to insert in article 6 a provision for consultation with the Advisory Council on matters relating to defense. The representative of Italy stated that the Italian Government had no intention of sending a larger metropolitan force to the Territory than the total forces then maintained by the British military administration in the Territory. Article 14, regarding land and other natural resources, evolved after a long discussion in which the representative of Iraq took a very strong position against any alienation of land or resources. Other members, however, maintained that such a prohibition would seriously retard economic development in the Territory. Agreement was finally reached on the present text, which is much more stringent than that contained in any of the other trusteeship agreements. When consideration of the draft trusteeship agreement prepared by the Trusteeship Council was undertaken in the Fourth Committee of the General Assembly, the underlying issue was whether the agreement should be approved in the form submitted by the Council or whether the Assembly should undertake a clause-by-clause examination of the draft with a view to modification and amendment. In view of the fact that the draft trusteeship agreement had been prepared pursuant to the previous decision of the General Assembly, had been unanimously approved by the Trusteeship Council, and had been accepted by Italy as the administering authority, the United States and eight other delegations (Argentina, Colombia, Denmark, India, Iraq, Norway, Pakistan, and the Philippines) presented a resolution recommending, in effect, that the draft agreement be approved without amendment. The representative of the administering authority made certain declarations in the Fourth Committee, in response to inquiries raised regarding such matters as forced labor, immigration, and budgetary policy, which enabled certain delegations to support the draft agreement without change. Representatives of the Somali Youth League and the Conferenza della Somalia were heard by the Fourth Committee during the examination of the draft trusteeship agreement. The joint draft resolution recommending approval of the agreement was adopted by the Fourth Committee by 44 votes for, 5 against (the Soviet group), and 1 abstention (Liberia). The Delegation of Ethiopia did not participate in the voting. The General Assembly on December 3, 1950, approved the trusteeship agreement by a vote of 44 to 6. 3. Special Trusteeship Problems (a) FLYING THE UNITED NATIONS FLAG IN TRUST TERRITORIES The General Assembly at its fourth session adopted a resolution requesting the Trusteeship Council to recommend to the administering authorities that the flag of the United Nations be flown over all trust territories side by side with the flag of the administering authority concerned and with the territorial flag if there should be one. The United States supported this resolution as well as the resolution introduced in the sixth session of the Trusteeship Council to implement it. In the Council the flying of the United Nations flag in trust territories was opposed on the grounds that it would cause confusion in the minds of the people of the territories as to where the ultimate authority in the government of the territories rested. The United States Delegation recognized the possibility of such difficulties in some trust territories and expressed the view that the administering authorities must be given latitude in handling any practical administrative difficulties which might be created. Other members of the Council who supported the resolution argued that the Council had little choice but to pass the resolution since it had been requested to do so by the Assembly. When the resolution was put to a vote in the Council the result, in two consecutive votes, was a tie and, in accordance with the Council's rules of procedure, the resolution was defeated. The question was reopened in the seventh session of the Council with the reintroduction of a resolution similar to that which previously had been defeated. The United States Delegation, after consultation with both administering and nonadministering members of the Council, proposed an amendment to this resolution stating the understanding that the administering authorities would, in carrying out the terms of the resolution, have latitude to handle any practical difficulties of administration which the recommendation might create. In this amended form the resolution was acceptable to a majority of the Council and was adopted. (b) ADMINISTRATIVE UNIONS AFFECTING TRUST TERRITORIES During the past 3 years the problem of administrative unions between trust territories and adjacent territories under the sovereignty of the administering authorities has occasioned considerable controversy in the Trusteeship Council and the General Assembly. Under the provisions of the trusteeship agreements a number of administrative unions involving trust territories have been established. For example, in Africa the Trust Territory of Tanganyika since January 1, 1948, has been a member of the East Africa Interterritorial Organization, which includes the neighboring British colonies of Kenya and Uganda. In the Pacific area the Trust Territory of New Guinea and the Territory of Papua, both administered by Australia, form an administrative union. In the Trusteeship Council and the General Assembly fears have been expressed that administrative unions of trust territories and other dependent territories might prevent the Council from effectively performing its functions under the international trusteeship system and might eventually extinguish the political identity of the trust territories concerned. On the other hand the administering authori ties have contended that the administrative unions are advantageous to the trust territories. They have assured the Council that the separate status and identity of the trust territories will be maintained and that the progress of the inhabitants toward self-government or independence will not be jeopardized by the unions. The General Assembly at its fourth session considered the work on administrative unions previously undertaken by the Council and recommended that the Council continue and complete its investigation of administrative unions affecting trust territories, paying particular attention to the desirability of five specific points, namely: (1) informing the Council before extending the scope of existing unions or creating new unions; (2) supervision by the Council over a unified administration if the administering authority cannot furnish clear and precise data on the trust territory concerned; (3) establishing separate judicial organizations in each territory; (4) establishing separate legislative bodies in each territory and eliminating outside legislative action; (5) taking into account the fully expressed wishes of the inhabitants before establishing or extending an administrative union. The resolution also asked for a report on the result of the Council's investigation, including its recommendations regarding any safeguards which it might consider necessary, and requested that the Council continue to observe the development of administrative unions. In response to the General Assembly resolution, the Trusteeship Council continued to examine the question during 1950 and drew up a final report and resolution which was unanimously approved by the Council. This resolution evaluates all but one of the existing administrative unions in the light of each of the five factors contained in the General Assembly resolution. British Togoland was excepted because new administrative arrangements for it are under consideration. The Trusteeship Council resolution also calls the attention of the administering authorities to four safeguards which the Council considers necessary to assist it in the discharging of its functions and to avoid the possibility of the operation of any administrative union prejudicing the attainment of the objectives of the trusteeship system. These safeguards are (1) to furnish clear, precise, and separate data on conditions in the trust territories; (2) to facilitate the access of visiting missions to information on administrative unions; (3) to maintain the boundaries, separate status, and identity of the trust territories; and (4) to insure that expenditures on administration, welfare, and development for a given year be not less than the public revenue derived from the trust territory in that year. Finally, the Council decided to establish a Standing Committee on Administrative Unions, composed of six members of the Council, which will regularly |