X. Eve (agglutinative) :-Eve: Yoruba: Oji or Ashanti Fanti or Inta: Ga or Akra.'

XI. Nubian (agglutinative) :

(a). Fulah or Poul dialects (Futatoro, Futajallo, Bondu, Sokoto).❜

(3). Nuba dialects (Tumale, Nubi, Dongolawi, Koldagi, Konjara).3

(7). Wakuafi: Masai.'

XII. Ibo (agglutinative) :—Ibo: Nupe."

XIII. Nile Group (agglutinative) :—Barea : Dinka Nuer: Shilluk."

XIV. & XV. Unclassified Negro-languages :(a). Isolating:-Mbafu: Maba: Michi.

Bari :

(3). Agglutinative :-Musgu: Batta: Logone: Baghirmi.

1 Schlegel: "Schlüssel zur Ewe-Sprache" (1857); Bowen: "Grammar and Dict. of the Yoruba Language" (Smithsonian Inst. 1858); Crowther: “Grammar and Vocabulary of the Yoruba Language, with Introductory Remarks by O. E. Vidal” (1852); Riis: "Elemente des Akwapim-Dialektes der Odschi-Sprache" (1853): Zimmermann: "A Grammatical Sketch of the Akra- or Ga-Language, with an Appendix on the Adamme-dialect" (1858); Christaller: Grammar of the Asante and Fante language" (1876).

2 Macbrair: "Grammar of the Fulah Language" (1854); Faidherbe in the "Revue de Linguistique et de philologie comparée," vii. pp. 195, seq. (1875).

3 Tutschek in the "Gelehrte Anzeigen der k. bayer. Akademie der Wissenschaften," xxv. p. 729, seq.

Krapf: "Vocabulary of the Enguduk Eloikob, spoken by the Masai in East Africa" (1857).

Schön: "Oku Ibo, Grammatical Elements of the Ibo Language" (1861).

Mitterutzner: "Die Dinka-Sprache in Central-Afrika" (1866); and "Die Sprache der Bari in Central-Afrika" (1867); F. Müller: "Die Sprache der Bari" (1864); Reinisch: "Die Barea-Sprache” (1874). See Barth: "Sammlung central-afrikanischer Vocabularien "

7

(1862-6).

XVI. Hamitic (inflectional) :

(a). † Old Egyptian :1 † Coptic.2

(3). Sub-Semitic or Libyan: † Numidian: † Guanches of Canaries: Berber, Kabyle, Tama

shek, &c.*

(7). Ethiopian: Beja, Denkâli, Somâli, Galla, Agaü, Saho.5

XVII. Semitic' (inflectional) :—

(a). Northern † Assyro-Babylonian; † Phænico

Brugsch: "Hieroglyphische Grammatik” (1872), and “Grammaire démotique" (1855); Le Page Renouf: "An Elementary Manual of the Egyptian Language" (1876).

* Schwartze : Koptische Grammatik" (1850); Revillout in "Mélanges d'Archéologie Egyptienne et Assyrienne," ii. 2, 3, iii. 1, (1875-6); F. Rossi: "Grammatica Copto-Geroglifica" (1878).

3

See Pritchard: "Researches into the Physical History of Mankind," iii. 2, 2, p. 32; and De Macedo in the "Journal of the Royal Geographical Society," 1841, pp. 171-183.

Hanoteau: "Essai de Grammaire Kabyle" (1858); and "Essai de Grammaire de la Langue Tamachek" (1860); Faidherbe : "Collection complète des Inscriptions numidiques," in the "Mémoires de la Société des Sciences, etc., de Lille," viii. p. 361 (1870).

Isenberg: "A small Vocabulary of the Dankali Language (1840); Tutschek : "A Dictionary and Grammar of the Galla Language" (1845); Halévy: "Essai sur la Langue agaou" (1874); Munzinger: "Ost-Afrikanische Studien" (1864); Prätorius in the "Z. D. M. G." xxiv. (1870); Pott in the "Z. D. M. G." xxiii. (1869).

Renan: "Histoire des Langues sémitiques" (2nd edit. 1858); Castell: "Lexicon Heptaglotton" (1669).

7 Oppert: "Grammaire assyrienne," 2nd edit. (1868); Sayce : "An Assyrian Grammar for Comparative Purposes" (1872), "An Elementary Assyrian Grammar and Reading-book," 2nd edit. (1876), and "The Tenses of the Assyrian Verb," in the "J. R. A. S.” Jan. 1877; Schrader: "Die assyrisch-babylonischen Keilinschriften," in the "Z. D. M. G.” xxvi. 1, 2 (1872).

Hebrew; Punic; Samaritan; Aramaic († Chaldee, † Syriac, † Mandaite, NeoSyriac).3

:

4

3

(3). Southern † Gheez (Ethiopic); Amharic;" Tigre (Tigrina); Harari;' † Himyaritic (Sabean); Mehri; † Ehkili; Arabic;

+ Sinaitic;" † Safa;

9

9

10

1 Gesenius: "Hebrew Grammar," edit. by Rödiger (Engl. trans. 1869); Ewald: "Ausführliches Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache des Alten Bundes," 8th edit. 1870; Olshausen: "Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache" (1861); Land: "Principles of Hebrew Grammar" (transl. by Poole, 1876); Schröder: "Die Phönizische Sprache" (1869); Driver: "Use of the Tenses in Hebrew" (1874). 2 Petermann: "Brevis linguæ Samaritanæ grammatica" (1873); Nichols: Grammar of the Samaritan Language” (1859); Uhlemann: "Institutiones Linguæ Samaritanæ" (1837).

3 Merx: "Grammatica Syriaca" (1867-70); Hoffmann: "Grammatica Syriaca" (1827); Uhlemann: "Grammatik der syrischen Sprache" (2nd edit. 1857); Nöldeke: "Grammatik der neu-syrischen Sprache am Urmia-See und Kurdistan" (1868), and "Mandäische Grammatik” (1875).

4 Ludolf: "Grammatica Æthiopica" (1661); Dillmann: "Grammatik der aethiopischen Sprache" (1857); Schrader: "De lingua Ethiopica cum cognatis linguis comparata" (1860).

5

Isenberg: "Grammar of the Amharic Language" (1842); Massaja: "Lectiones grammaticales pro missionariis qui addiscere volunt linguam Amaricam” (1867).

Praetorius: "Grammatik der Tigrinasprache” (1871-2).

7 Praetorius in “Z. D. M. G.” xxiii. (1869).

8

Prideaux: "A Sketch of Sabean Grammar" in the "Transac

tions of the Society of Biblical Archæology," v. 1, 2 (1877).

66

9

" Von Maltzan in "Z. D. M. G.” xxvii. 3 (1873).

10 Wright: "Arabic Grammar," 2nd edit. (1874-6); De Sacy: 'Grammaire arabe," 2nd edit. (1831); Ewald: "Grammatica critica linguæ Arabica" (1832).

11 Beer: "Inscriptiones veteres Litteris et Lingua huc usque incognitis ad montem Sinai servatæ" (1840-3); Tuch in the "Z. D. M. G." xiv. (1849).

12 Halévy in the "Z. D. M. G." xxxii. 1. (1878).

13 Schlienz: "On the Maltese Language" (1838).

1

1

XVIII. Aryan or Indo-European (inflectional) 1:(a). Indian Group: + Sanskrit ;' + Prakrit;' + Pali, Singalese or Elu (see under DRAVIDIAN); modern vernaculars (Bengalese, Assamese, Oriya, Nepaulese, Kashmirian, Scindhi, Punjabi, Brahui, Gujarati, Marâthi, Hindi, Hindu

3

stani); Siyâh-pôsh-Kafir; Dard;' Rom

many (Gipsy), with 13 European dialects."

Bopp: "Vergleichende Grammatik des Sanskrit, Zend, Griechischen, Lateinischen, Lithauischen, Altslavischen, Gothischen und Deutschen" (1833-52, 3rd edit. 1868-70; English translation by Eastwick from the first edit. 1845); Schleicher: "Compendium der vergleichend. Grammatik der indo-germanischen Sprachen" (1861, 3rd edit. 1871; English translation by Bendall, 1874).

2

Benfey: "Handbuch der Sanskritsprache" (1852-54); Max Müller: "A Sanskrit Grammar for Beginners," 2nd edit. (1870); Monier Williams: "Practical Grammar of the Sanskrit Language," 3rd edit. (1864); Delbrück: "Das altindische Verbum" (1874). Lassen: "Institutiones linguæ Pracritica" (1837).

Kuhn: Beiträge zur Pali-Grammatik (1875); Minayeff : "Grammaire Pâlie" (1874); Carter: "Lesson-book of Singhalese, on Ollendorf's System" (1873); Lambrick: "Sinhalese Grammar” (1834).

5 Cust: "A Sketch of the modern Languages of the East Indies" (1878); Beames: "A Comparative Grammar of the modern Aryan Languages of India" (1872); Forbes: "A Grammar of the Bengali Language" (1862); Sutton : "An Introductory Grammar of the Oriya Language” (1831); Trumpp: “Grammar of the Sindhi Language” (1872); “A Grammar of the Panjabi Language” (Lodiana, 1851); Yates: "Introduction to the Hindustani Language" (1845); Garcin de Tassy: Rudiments de la Langue hindoui ” (1847); Shapurji Edalji: “A Grammar of the Gujarati Language" (1867); "The Student's Manual of Marathi Grammar" (Bombay, 1868).

6

Trumpp in "Z. D. M. G." xx. (1866).

Leitner: "Results of a Tour in Dardistan" (1868).

Pott: "Die Zigeuner in Europa und Asien" (1844-5); Paspati: "Études sur les Tchinghianes" (1870); Miklosich: "Ueber die Mundarten und Wanderungen der Zigeuner Europa's" (1872-77); Ascoli: "Zigeunerisches " (1865).

1

(6). Iranian Group: † Old Persian (Achæmenian);'

2

3

† Pahlavi; Parsi; Neo-Persian; Kurd

5

6

ish; Beluchi; † Zend (Old Baktrian);"

Pukhtu (Afghan); Ossetian. Armenian

is generally included in this group.

10

(7). Keltic Group: Insular (Welsh, †Cornish, Breton," Irish, Manx, Scotch); †Continental (†Gaulish).” (8). Italian Group: † Umbrian;" † Oscan; † Latin;"

13

Spiegel: "Die altpersischen Keilinschriften" (1862); Kossowicz: " Inscriptiones Palæo-Persica" (1872).

2 Spiegel: "Grammatik der Huzvâresch-Sprache" (1856); Haug: "An old Pahlavi-Pazend Glossary" (1870).

3

Spiegel: "Grammatik der Parsi-Sprache" (1851).

4 Vullers: "Grammatica linguæ Persica" (2nd edit. 1870).

Friedrich Müller: "Beiträge zur Kenntniss der neupersischen Dialekte" in the "Sitzungberichte der k. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Wien," xlvi. and xlviii. (1864-65); Garzoni: "Grammatica e Vocabulario della lingua Kurda” (1787); Chodzko: "Études philologiques sur la Langue Kurde" (1857).

7

See Mockler's Grammar of the Mekráni dialect (London, 1877). Justi: "Handbuch der Zendsprache" (1864); Hovelacque : "Grammaire de la Langue zende" (1872); Haug: "Essays on the Parsis," edit. by West, in Trübner's "Oriental Series" (1878); Bartholomae: "Das altiranische Verbum" (1878); Hübschmann, in Kuhn's "Zeitschrift,” xxiv. 4 (1878).

Grammar of the Pashto, or Language of the Af

"Sjögren: "Ossetische Sprachlehre" (1844).

10 Petermann: "Grammatica linguæ Armeniaca" (1837); Hübschmann, in Kuhn's "Zeitschrift," xxiii. 1, 3 (1877); Cirbied: "Grammaire de la Langue arménienne" (1823).

11 Zeuss: "Grammatica Celtica" (2nd edit. 1871); Rhys: “Lectures on Welsh Philology" (2nd edit. 1879).

12 Aufrecht and Kirchhoff: "Die umbrischen Sprachdenkmäler " (1849-51); Bréal: "Les Tables Engubines" (1875).

13

66

Bruppacher: "Oskische Lautlehre" (1869); Enderis: Ver

such einer Formenlehre der oskischen Sprache" (1871).

14 Corssen: "Ueber Ausprache, Vokalismus und Betonung der