an enemy in station, as at Boston and York. He was incapable of fear, meeting personal dangers with the calmest unconcern.

4. Perhaps the strongest feature in his character was prudence: never acting until every circumstance, every consideration, was maturely weighed; refraining if he saw a doubt, but, when once decided, going through with his purpose, whatever obstacles opposed. His integrity was most pure, his justice the most inflexible I have ever known; no motives of interest or consanguinity, of friendship or hatred, being able to bias his decision.

5. He was, indeed, in every sense of the word, a wise, a good, and a great man. His temper was naturally irritable and high-toned; but reflection and resolution had obtained a firm and habitual ascendency over it. If ever, however, it broke its bounds, he was most tremendous in his wrath.

6. In his expenses he was honorable, but exact; liberal in contributions to whatever promised utility, but frowning and unyielding on all visionary projects and all unworthy calls on his charity. His heart was not warm in its affections, but he exactly calculated every man's value, and gave him a solid esteem proportioned to it.

7. His person, you know, was fine; his stature exactly what one would wish; his deportment easy, erect, and noble; the best horseman of his age, and the most graceful figure that could be seen on horseback. Although in the circle of his friends, where he might be unreserved with safety, he took a free share in conversation, his colloquial talents were not above mediocrity, possessing neither copiousness of ideas nor fluency of words.

8. In public, when called on for a sudden opinion, he was unready, short, and embarrassed; yet he wrote readily, rather diffusely, in an easy and correct style. This he had acquired by conversation with the world; for his education was merely reading, writing, and common arithmetic, to which he added surveying at a later day. His time was employed in action chiefly, reading little, and that only in agriculture and English history. His correspondence became necessarily extensive, and, with journalizing his agricultural proceedings, occupied most of his leisure hours within doors.

9. On the whole, his character was, in its mass, perfect-in nothing bad, in a few points indifferent; and it may be truly said, that never did Nature and Fortune combine more completely to make a man great, and to place him in the same constellation with whatever worthies have merited from man an everlasting remembrance; for his was the singular destiny and merit of leading the armies of his country successfully through an arduous war for the establishment of its independence, of conducting its councils through the birth of a government new in its forms and principles, until it had settled down into a quiet and orderly train, and of scrupulously obeying the laws through the whole of his career, civil and military of which the history of the world furnishes no other example. Thomas Jefferson.

FOR PREPARATION.-I. Give an account of the author of this piece. Was he similar, in cast of mind and occupation in life, to Washington? (The opposite rather: while the latter was almost wholly practical, the life of the Will, the former was theoretical, the life of the Intellect. To Washington we owe the victories of the Revolution; to Jefferson, the framing of that sublime composition, the Declaration of Independence, the adoption of which by the American Congress created a nation, and will always be celebrated as one of the greatest events of human history.) Does this make his

praise more or less valuable? Who were Newton, Bacon, Locke? What great papers of state were prepared by Jefferson ?

II. Aid'-ed, eälm'-est (käm'-), fēa'-ture (fō'tur), ehǎr'-ae-ter, weighed (wad), doubt (dout), as-çènd'-en-çy, un-yield'-ing, çîr'-ele, něç'-es-sari-ly, pro-çeed'-ings, lēi'-sure (lē ́zhur), är'-du-oŭs, eoun'-çilş.

III. Difference between "statue," "statute," and "stature" ?-copious, fluent, and diffuse?

IV. Penetration, acute, invention, suggestions, judiciously, dislocated, incapable, maturely, refraining, integrity, inflexible, consanguinity, bias, irritable, utility, "visionary projects," copiousness.

V. Which feature of Washington's character does he consider the strongest ? Can you relate an event that will support this view? "Wise, good, and great man (5)-excluding wisdom and goodness, what other qualities are included under "great," do you think? Do "irritable" and "high-toned" harmonize, or contrast in meaning, as the author intended them? Should we not say "high-strung" for "high-toned"? Is "most tremendous" a good expression? Note the use of “copiousness (of ideas) and "fluency" (of words). Name the points mentioned as making Washington's a singular destiny and without a parallel.

CXXII. THE NECESSITY OF GOVERNMENT.

1. Society can no more exist without government, in one form or another, than man without society. The political, then, is man's natural state. It is the one for which his Creator formed him, into which he is impelled irresistibly, and the only one in which his race can exist and all his faculties be fully developed.

2. It follows that even the worst form of government is better than anarchy; and that individual liberty or freedom must be subordinate to whatever power may be necessary to protect society against anarchy within or destruction from without.

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3. Just in proportion as ? people are ignorant, stupid, debased, corrupt, exposed to violence within and danger

without, the power necessary for government to possess, in order to preserve society against anarchy and destruction, becomes greater and greater, and individual liberty less and less, until the lowest condition is reached, when absolute and despotic power becomes necessary on the part of the government, and individual liberty becomes extinct.

4. So, on the contrary, just as a people rise in the scale of intelligence, virtue, and patriotism, and the more perfectly they become acquainted with the nature of government, the ends for which it was ordered, and how it ought to be administered, the power necessary for government becomes less and less, and individual liberty greater and greater.

John C. Calhoun.

FOR PREPARATION.-I. From a speech in the Senate, June 27, 1848.

II. De-věl'-oped, vi'-o-lençe, pa'-tri-ot-ism.

III. Explain the force of er and est in "greater," "lowest."

IV. Anarchy, despotic, extinct, faculties.

V. Name the conditions that conduce to despotism; to liberty.

CXXIII. THE WAY TO WEALTH.

1. COURTEOUS READER: I have heard that nothing gives an author so great pleasure as to find his works respectfully quoted by others. Judge, then, how much I must have been gratified by an incident I am going to relate to you.

2. I stopped my horse, lately, where a great number of people were collected at an auction of merchants' goods. The hour of the sale not being come, they were conversing on the badness of the times; and one of the company called to a plain, clean old man, with white locks: "Pray, Father Abraham, what think you of the times? Will not these heavy taxes quite ruin the coun

try? How shall we ever be able to pay them? What would you advise us to do?"

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3. Father Abraham stood up and replied: "If you would have my advice, I will give it to you in short; for a word to the wise is enough,' as Poor Richard says." They joined in desiring him to speak his mind, and, gathering around him, he proceeded as follows: "Friends," said he, "the taxes are indeed very heavy; and, if those laid on by the Government were the only ones we had to pay, we might more easily discharge them; but we have many others, and much more grievous to some of us.

4. We are taxed twice as much by our idleness, three times as much by our pride, and four times as much by our folly; and of these taxes the commissioners can not ease or deliver us by allowing an abatement. However, let us hearken to good advice, and something may be done for us. 'Heaven helps them that help themselves,' as Poor Richard says.

5. "It would be thought a hard government that should tax its people one tenth part of their time to be employed in its service; but idleness taxes many of us much more; sloth, by bringing on diseases, absolutely shortens life. 'Sloth, like rust, consumes faster than labor wears; while the used key is always bright,' as Poor Richard says. How much more than is necessary do we spend in sleep! forgetting that 'the sleeping fox catches no poultry,' and that there will be sleeping enough in the grave.

6. "Lost time is never found again; and what we call time enough, always proves little enough.' Let us, then, be up and doing, and doing to the purpose; so by diligence shall we do more with less perplexity. 'Drive