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V. Explain the allusions to the objects familiar to a tailor in jacket, buttoned, velvet, padding, braid, skirt, robe, silken threads, satin, nap, etc. In what sense is "cabbage" used by a tailor? Why a deeply injured

flower"? What is the witty point in calling it a flower, and "giant rose wrapped in a green surtout"? What "puny brethren" are referred to? Double meaning of "goose"? Why "a joy to straighten out his limbs"? Why does the continued sitting in one position make any other position seem unnatural?

CXIV. BENEFITS OF INVENTIONS AND DISCOVERIES.

1. All these have led to important results. Through the invention of the mariner's compass, the globe has been circumnavigated and explored, and all who inhabit it, with but few exceptions, brought within the sphere of an all-pervading commerce, which is daily diffusing over its surface the light and blessings of civilization.

2. Through that of the art of printing, the fruits of observation and reflection, of discoveries and inventions, with all the accumulated store of previously acquired knowledge, are preserved and widely diffused. The application of gunpowder to the art of war has forever settled the long conflict for ascendency between civilization and barbarism, in favor of the former, and thereby guaranteed that whatever knowledge is now accumulated, or may hereafter be added, shall never again be lost.

3. The numerous discoveries and inventions, chemical and mechanical, and the application of steam to machinery, have increased manifold the productive powers of labor and capital, and have thereby greatly increased the number who may devote themselves to study and improvement, and the amount of means necessary for commercial exchanges, especially between the more and

the less advanced and civilized portions of the globe, to the great advantage of both, but particularly of the latter.

4. The application of steam to the purposes of travel and transportation, by land and water, has vastly increased the facility, cheapness, and rapidity of both, diffusing, with them, information and intelligence almost as quickly and as freely as if borne by the winds; while the electrical wires outstrip them in velocity, rivaling in rapidity even thought itself.

5. The joint effect of all has been a great increase and diffusion of knowledge; and with this, an impulse to progress and civilization heretofore unexampled in the history of the world, accompanied by a mental energy and activity unprecedented.

6. To all these causes public opinion and its organ, the press, owe their origin and great influence. Already they have attained a force in the more civilized portions of the globe sufficient to be felt by all governments, even the most absolute and despotic. But, as great as they now are, they have as yet attained nothing like their maximum force.

7. It is probable that not one of the causes which have contributed to their formation and influence has yet produced its full effect; while several of the most powerful have just begun to operate; and many others, probably of equal or even greater force, yet remain to be brought to light.

8. When the causes now in operation have produced their full effect, and inventions and discoveries shall have been exhausted-if that may ever be-they will give a

force to public opinion, and cause changes, political and social, difficult to be anticipated. What will be their final bearing, time only can decide with any certainty.

9. That they will, however, greatly improve the condition of man ultimately, it would be impious to doubt; it would be to suppose that the all-wise and beneficent Being, the Creator of all, had so constituted man, as that the employment of the high intellectual faculties with which he has been pleased to endow him, in order that he might develop the laws that control the great agents of the material world, and make them subservient to his use, would prove to him the cause of permanent evil, and not of permanent good.

10. If, then, such supposition be inadmissible, they must, in their orderly and full development, end in his permanent good. But this can not be, unless the ultimate effect of their action, politically, shall be to give ascendency to that form of government best calculated to fulfill the ends for which government is ordained.

11. For so completely does the well-being of our race depend on good government, that it is hardly possible any change, the ultimate effect of which should be otherwise, could prove to be a permanent good.

John C. Calhoun.

FOR PREPARATION.-I. In what centuries were the following inventions or discoveries made?—the mariner's compass (12th century); gunpowder (13th century); printing (15th century); the steam engine (18th century); the telegraph (19th century).

II. Sphere, ae-quired', me-chăn'-ie-al, ma-çhïn'-er-y (-sheen'-), înad-mis'-si-ble.

III. Write a letter to a friend, placing correctly the date, address, subscription, and superscription. Thus:

NEW YORK, August 25, 1902.

MY DEAR JAMES:

Since I received your last, etc.

Sincerely your friend,

WILLIAM.

The superscription should be in this form:

Mr. JAMES BLAIR,

Care of Rev. John Blair,

17 North Third Street,

St. Louis, Mo.

IV. Despotic, ultimate, faculties, permanent, ordained.

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V. Make a list of the inventions named in the piece, and opposite each itemize (write in the form of items) the benefits that have resulted from it (e.g.: Printing-preservation and diffusion of (a) fruits of observation and (b) reflection; (c) discoveries; (d) inventions; (e) accumulated store of acquired knowledge). "Labor and capital" ("capital" is the money invested in a business).

CXV. THE BIVOUAC OF THE DEAD.

1. The muffled drum's sad roll has beat
The soldier's last tattoo;

No more on life's parade shall meet
That brave and fallen few.
On Fame's eternal camping ground
Their silent tents are spread,

And glory guards, with solemn round,
The bivouac of the dead.

2. No rumor of the foe's advance
Now swells upon the wind;

No troubled thought at midnight haunts
Of loved ones left behind;

No vision of the morrow's strife
The warrior's dream alarms;

No braying horn or screaming fife
At dawn shall call to arms.

3. Their shivered swords are red with rust;
Their pluméd heads are bowed;
Their haughty banner, trailed in dust,
Is now their martial shroud;

And plenteous funeral tears have washed
The red stains from each brow;

And the proud forms, by battle gashed,
Are free from anguish now.

4. The neighing troop, the flashing blade, The bugle's stirring blast,

The charge, the dreadful cannonade,
The din and shout, are past.
Not war's wild note, nor glory's peal,
Shall thrill with fierce delight
Those breasts that nevermore may feel
The rapture of the fight.

5. Like the fierce northern hurricane
That sweeps his great plateau,
Flushed with the triumph yet to gain,
Comes down the serried foe.
Who heard the thunder of the fray
Break o'er the field beneath,
Knew well the watchword of that day
Was "Victory, or death!"

6. Full many a mother's breath has swept O'er Angostura's plain,

And long the pitying sky has wept

Above its moldered slain.

The raven's scream, or eagle's flight,
Or shepherd's pensive lay,

Alone now wakes each solemn height

That frowned o'er that dread fray.

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