(j) The flag, when it is in such condition that it is no longer a fitting emblem for display, should be destroyed in a dignified way, preferably by burning.

SEC. 5. That during the ceremony of hoisting or lowering the flag or when the flag is passing in a parade or in a review, all persons present should face the flag, stand at attention, and salute. Those present in uniform should render the military salute. When not in uniform, men should remove the headdress with the right hand holding it at the left shoulder, the hand being over the heart. Men without hats should salute in the same manner. Aliens should stand at attention. Women should salute by placing the right hand over the heart. The salute to the flag in the moving columns should be rendered at the moment the flag passes.

SEC. 6. That when the national anthem is played and the flag is not displayed, all present should stand and face toward the music. Those in uniform should salute at the first note of the anthem, retaining this position until the last note. All others should stand at attention, men removing the headdress. When the flag is displayed, all present should face the flag and salute.

SEC. 7. That the pledge of allegiance to the flag, "I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands, one Nation [under God,] indivisible, with liberty and justice for all," be rendered by standing with the right hand over the heart. However, civilians will always show full respect to the flag when the pledge is given by merely standing at attention, men removing the headdress. Persons in uniform shall render the military salute.

SEC. 8. Any rule or custom pertaining to the display of the flag of the United States of America, set forth herein, may be altered, modified, or repealed, or additional rules with respect thereto may be prescribed, by the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, whenever he deems it to be appropriate or desirable; and any such alteration or additional rule shall be set forth in a proclamation. (56 Stat. 1074, December 22, 1942, as amended July 9, 1953, 67 Stat. 142.)

Quotations on the

Chapter 9

SPIRIT AND MEANING OF AMERICANISM

THINGS THAT MAKE AMERICA GREAT

It is a government which holds that government is made for man and not man for the government, that government is the servant of the people and not the master.

It is a government in which the original and final authority resides in the people.

It is a government based upon the principle that its first duty is to protect the life, liberty, and happiness of the people.

It is a government of law and order, providing for liberty under the law. It is a government which guarantees to all persons the civil liberties and rights accorded to any one person.

It is a government of officials chosen by the people-a government by representatives—a republic rather than a pure democracy.

It is a government in which office is not the special privilege of any hereditary class.

It is a government by the majority—a majority held in restraint by constitutional checks, in order that the rights of minorities may be safeguarded.

It is a government in which the minority has the right to criticize and agitate for peaceful change. It is one in which the minority may grow into the majority.

It is a government based upon the idea that the secret ballot is a better way than bullets to bring about changes. The way to correct the mistakes of one election is through ballots at succeeding elections.

It is a government which weighs all votes equally, through free and fair elections.

It is a government of limited powers, the people reserving the right to increase or decrease those powers.

It is a government of divided authority and responsibility-divided between the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary and between the national, State, and local governments.

It is a government fundamentally different in principle and operation from totalitarian and dictatorial governments. It is a government by debate and agreement rather than by arbitrary decree. It rests more on reason than on force.

It is a government concerned with the establishment of justice, the promotion of the general welfare, the right of private property, and the social provision for security, freedom, and opportunity for all.

It is a government which provides the means for its own modification and growth.

It is a government which, more than any other form, requires for its most effective operation the assumption by every citizen of his fair share of responsibility. Democracy requires individual morality, common sense, and courage in its citizens.

HOWARD E. WILSON, NELLE E. BOWMAN, ALLEN Y. KING. (Excerpt from THIS AMERICA-OUR LAND, OUR PEOPLE, OUR Faith, Our Defense. American Book Co. New York. 1942.)

THANK GOD, I'M AN AMERICAN!

All of us should turn our thoughts occasionally to that adventurous group of our ancestors who set aside a day each year for Thanksgiving. Anyone who has stood on the windswept coast at Plymouth where the hard black granite of New England yields as slowly to the hoe and the plow as it does to the restless beating of a tireless sea, can well wonder what the Pilgrims had to be thankful for. On the one side, it was only an arrow's flight to a wilderness filled with savages. On the other, it was three months' sailing to the comforts of civilization. There was hunger to the point of starvation. Yet the humble survivors of both knelt and fervently thanked God. For what? Not for well-filled cupboards and bursting granaries. But for the courage to face temporary adversity, for confidence in the future, for faith in ultimate achievement of the ideals that led them to the New World.

The remembrance of those ragged, hungry colonists devoutly expressing gratitude because their lives had been spared toward the achievement of a bright vision, ought to bring shame to the hearts of present day prophets of gloom. There is no doubt that many of us labor today under a yoke of hardship. There is unemployment and injustice and crime and intolerance and bitter disappointment and even hunger in America. The ravages of war abroad have shaken our hopes. Frustrated by these misfortunes some are ready to curse God and let the vision die. They clamor for a "new order," for a new migration to uncharted political shores-to start all over again toward human happiness and freedom under the guidance of ideals radically different from those which inspired our forefathers. Those who take such counsel of despair would do well to count those blessings already achieved by the American way, and, without relaxing efforts to wipe out the causes

of misery and suffering which still oppress us, to hold fast to what has already been gained.

AMERICAN IDEALS OF EQUALITY

We have many real advantages for which to be thankful. I thank God I was not born into a caste system that places one human being either above or below any of his fellows. I inherited no aristocratic rank of duke or lord that entitles me to special privilege of any sort; nor was I doomed to serfdom or peasantry by the accident of birth. It was one of the first concepts of American government "that all men are created equal." There may be some in this country who have assumed special privilege, but their right to it may be challenged at any time by anybody.

FREE SCHOOLS MEAN FREE PEOPLE

I thank God for the American schools that made available to me a share in the intellectual and cultural heritage of mankind. Education has checked and will eventually defeat tyranny wherever it manifests itself in this land. Free schools are the only guarantee of a free people; they are the only means whereby every individual may prepare himself for whatever achievement and service he is capable. Adequate educational opportunity is now denied millions of youth, it is true, but a fair start in life for every child is an American ideal toward which we have been steadily moving for a century. All the forces of greed and special interest will not prevent the full attainment of this ideal.

FREEDOM OF OCCUPATION

I thank God for American freedom to earn a living in a job I myself selected. No social traditions dictated that I should follow the occupation of my father. No agency of the state told me where or at what I must labor. The option was wholly my own, and I was given abundant opportunity to prepare for the profession of my choice. All of us are aware of the fact that the machine, in combination with economic factors, prevents millions of workmen today from practicing vocations for which they have trained themselves. Yet who can doubt that the inventive genius which created the machine is able to adjust the earnings of human livelihood to its use? Who has reason to believe that the same genius cannot or will not perfect an economic system in which honest toil may win its share of a material abundance that exceeds anything the world has ever known?

FREEDOM OF SPEECH, ASSEMBLY, AND PRESS

I thank God for American rights-for the right to think; to speak; to write and to print what I think; for the right of peaceable assembly to discuss with my fellows the way out of difficulties which harass me as an individual