This Proclamation does not change existing United States policies concerning the continental shelf, marine mammals and fisheries, including highly migratory species of tuna which are not subject to United States jurisdiction and require international agreements for effective management.

The United States will exercise these sovereign rights and jurisdiction in accordance with the rule of international law.

Without prejudice to the sovereign rights and jurisdiction of the United States, the Exclusive Economic Zone remains an area beyond the territory and territorial sea of the United States in which all States enjoy the high seas freedoms of navigation, overflight, the laying of submarine cables and pipelines, and other internationally lawful uses of the sea.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this tenth day of March, in the year of our Lord nineteen and eightythree, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and seventh.

f. Establishment of Territorial Sea of the United States

Proclamation 5928, December 27, 1988, 54 F.R. 7771

International law recognizes that coastal nations may exercise sovereignty and jurisdiction over their territorial seas.

The territorial sea of the United States is a maritime zone extending beyond the land territory and internal waters of the United States over which the United States exercises sovereignty and jurisdiction, a sovereignty and jurisdiction that extend to the airspace over the territorial sea, as well as to its bed and subsoil.

Extension of the territorial sea by the United States to the limits permitted by international law will advance the national security and other significant interests of the United States.

NOW, THEREFORE, I, RONALD REAGAN, by the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution of the United States of America, and in accordance with international law, do hereby proclaim the extension of the territorial sea of the United States of America, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, the United States Virgin Islands, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and any other territory or possession over which the United States exercises sovereignty.

The territorial sea of the united States henceforth extends to 12 miles from the baselines of the United States determined in accordance with international law.

In accordance with international law, as reflected in the applicable provisions of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, within the territorial sea of the united States, the ships of all countries enjoy the right of innocent passage and the ships and aircraft of all countries enjoy the right of transit passage through international straits.

Nothing in this Proclamation:

(a) extends or otherwise alters existing Federal or State law or any jurisdiction, rights, legal interests, or obligations derived therefrom; or

(b) impairs the determination, in accordance with international law, of any maritime boundary of the United States with a foreign jurisdiction.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this 27th day of December, in the year of our Lord nineteen and eightyeight, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and thirteenth.

143 U.S.C. 1331 note.

g. Governing International Fishery Agreements

(1) Governing International Fisheries Agreement With Russian Federation

Partial text of Public Law 103–206 [H.R. 2150], 108 Stat. 2419, approved December 20, 1993

AN ACT To authorize appropriations for fiscal year 1994 for the United States Coast Guard, and for other purposes.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,

*

TITLE VII-MISCELLANEOUS FISHERY PROVISIONS

SEC. 701.1 GOVERNING INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES AGREEMENT.

The Agreement between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Russian Federation on Mutual Fisheries Relations which was entered into on May 31, 1988, and which expired by its terms on October 28, 1993, may be brought into force again for the United States through an exchange of notes between the United States of America and the Russian Federation and may remain in force and effect on the part of the United States until May 1, 1994, and may be amended or extended by a subsequent agreement to which section 203 of the Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act (16 U.S.C. 1823) applies.

SEC. 703. INTERNATIONAL FISHERY CONSERVATION IN THE CENTRAL BERING SEA.

It is the sense of the Congress that

(1) the United States should take appropriate measures to conserve the resources of the Doughnut Hole, a small enclave of international waters in the central Bering Sea, encircled by the Exclusive Economic Zones of the United States and the Russian Federation;

(2) the United States should continue its pursuit of an international agreement, consistent with its rights as a coastal state, to ensure proper management for future commercial viability of these natural resources;

(3) the United States, working closely with the Russian Federation should, in accordance with international law and through multilateral consultations or through other means, promote effective international programs for the implementation and enforcement of regulations of the fisheries by those nations that fish in the Doughnut Hole;

116 U.S.C. 1823 note.

(4) the United States nonetheless should be mindful of its management responsibility in this regard and of its rights in accordance with international law to fully utilize the stock within its own exclusive economic zone;

(5) the United States should accept as an urgent duty the need to conserve for future generations the Aleutian Basin pollock stock and should carry out that duty by taking all necessary measures, in accordance with international law; and

(6) the United States should foster further multilateral cooperation leading to international consensus on management of the Doughnut Hole resources through the fullest use of diplomatic channels and appropriate domestic and international law and should explore all other available options and means for conservation and management of these living marine re

sources.

*

(2) Governing International Fishery Agreement With

Estonia

Partial text of Public Law 102–587 [H.R. 5617], 106 Stat. 5039, approved November 4, 1992

AN ACT To provide Congressional approval of a Governing International Fishery Agreement, and for other purposes.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,

SECTION 1.1 SHORT TITLE.

This Act may be cited as the "Oceans Act of 1992".

TITLE I-APPROVAL OF GOVERNING INTERNATIONAL FISHERY AGREEMENT

SEC. 1001. APPROVAL OF AGREEMENT.

Notwithstanding section 203 of the Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act (16 U.S.C. 1823), the governing international fishery agreement between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Republic of Estonia, as contained in the message to Congress from the President of the United States dated June 24, 1992, is approved by the Congress as a governing international fishery agreement for the purposes of such Act and shall enter into force and effect with respect to the United States on the date of enactment of this title.

116 U.S.C. 1431 note. 216 U.S.C. 1823 note.

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