(id. at 132) would follow which would finally fix a "right or obligation" (id. at 131) on appellants' part. These findings are more than a mere "stage in an incomplete process of administrative adjudication," for the Commission here has discontinued further proceedings. Id. at 143. We, therefore, think that the Commission's action falls within the class of "orders" which Rochester Telephone Corp. v. United States, supra, held to be reviewable by a district court of three judges. The District Court erred in dismissing the complaint for want of jurisdiction.

On the merits, appellants' major contention is that the Interstate Commerce Act and our earlier opinion in this case do not authorize the Commission to determine, as it here has done, the justice and reasonableness of mileage allowances which appellants were to receive on past transactions. The contention is that both our opinion and the Act authorize the Commission to do no more than determine what uniform allowance shippers as a class would be permitted to charge in the future. In part the argument is that insofar as the order is based on a treatment of shipper-lessees as a class apart, and on a limitation of their allowance to the cost to them of the cars they furnish, the order is invalid, in that it neither rests on, nor brings about, a uniform rate to all shippers, or even all shipperlessees. We cannot agree with the above contentions.

First, it must be noted that the Commission made its determination as to the lawfulness of these past practices on the basis of appellants' own application, asking the Commission to do so. Second, our previous opinion, as well as the Interstate Commerce Act, authorized the Commission to make this determination. The question before us when this case was first here did not relate to future but to past allowances. Relying on past decisions, we held that the "reasonableness and legality" of the past dealings here involved were matters which Congress had entrusted to the Commission. See e. g. Great Northern R.

Co. v. Merchants Elevator Co., 259 U. S. 285, 291, and other cases cited in our previous opinion. And we rejected appellants' petition for rehearing which presented substantially the argument now repeated, namely that any order the Commission might make "could only be effective as to the future," that the Commission's determination "could not affect the contract . . . in this case," that the Commission's action would be "futile," and that consequently our judgment and opinion would provide no "guidance" for the District Court. Our first opinion, buttressed by our rejection of the motion for rehearing, was a plain authorization for the Commission to determine the justice and reasonableness of the past allowances to this shipper. The Commission did not have to establish future uniform rates to determine the questions we sent to it. Consequently, insofar as appellants' argument is that the Commission failed to treat all shippers or all shipper-lessees uniformly because it did not fix future uniform rates, the answer is that it was not required to do so.

Insofar as appellants' argument as to lack of uniform. treatment of shippers and shipper-lessees seeks to attack the basis of the Commission's finding that the past allowances here were unjust and unreasonable, it also lacks merit. We think the Commission's finding was based on a uniform treatment of all shipper-lessees. While it is true, as appellants contend, that under the Commission's rule different shipper-lessees might receive different allowances, the rule is uniform in that it permits no shipperlessee to receive allowances exceeding the rental he pays. All shipper-lessees are prohibited from making profits at the expense of the railroads on cars rented to transport goods in interstate commerce. Since the facts before the Commission were enough to enable it to find that such profits amount to rebates to shipper-lessees which result in a discrimination against shippers that own cars or use

cars furnished by the railroad, the Commission was justified in treating shipper-lessees as a class apart. As the Commission pointed out in its Refrigerator opinion, the history of railroad practices shows that rebates, concessions, and favoritism have frequently grown out of the private car system. Notwithstanding the very great transportation service supplied by private cars, designed and equipped to meet special needs, the Commission acts within its power when it attempts to regulate their use so as to put a stop to existing prohibited evils. It must test. violations of the Interstate Commerce Act by results. Union Pacific R. Co. v. United States, 313 U. S. 450, 462. It is the duty of the Commission to nullify practices that result in rebates or preferences, "whatever form they take and in whatsoever guise they may appear," O'Keefe v. United States, 240 U. S. 294, 297.3

The appellants' remaining contentions challenge the sufficiency of the evidence. They rest primarily on the premise that the Commission lacked authority to determine what we had directed it to find. Insofar as these contentions rest on that premise, they have been disposed of by what we have already said. The only contention as to alleged insufficiency of evidence that requires further

Appellants contend that if the car rental cost is the maximum allowable payment, the mileage payments to the Car Company were unlawful. That these payments by the railroad to Oil Works were "apparently" unlawful and recoverable by the railroad, was the position taken by the Commission in its brief filed when this case was first before us. And in our opinion we stated that since the shipper, not the Car Company, had furnished the cars to the railroad, "It seems clear that no rule or regulation of the carrier may provide for the payment of such allowance to any other person" except Oil Works. But appellants can not benefit from the unlawfulness of payments to the Car Company. On the contrary, such a conclusion would strengthen the position of the Commission, namely that a "just and reasonable" allowance to Oil Works must be determined by the Commission without regard to the mileage payments to Car Company.

DOUGLAS, J., dissenting in part.

328 U.S.

attention is that there could be no finding that the practices here involved resulted in rebates or concessions to Oil Works, since the freight on the oils transported was not paid by it, but was allegedly always paid by the consignees and at the regular rate. Oil Works, however, was a shipper who supplied cars to be used as facilities for transportation. For supplying these cars, it could not consistently with § 15 (13) receive from the railroad, directly or indirectly, more than a "just and reasonable" allowance. This allowance was "in respect to transportation." See Union Pacific R. Co. v. United States, supra, 462. Payment by the railroad of more than the just value of the services inevitably resulted in its carrying Oil Works' product at less than the regular freight rate, even though it collected the full rate from the consignees. The reduced rate at which Oil Works could thus have its products transported justified the Commission's finding that Oil Works got a concession and an advantage over other shippers who made no such profits on tank cars. Whether Oil Works or its consignees paid the freight makes no difference. Cf. Elgin, J. & E. R. Co. v. United States, 253 F. 907, 911. A practice which accomplishes this result is prohibited by the Interstate Commerce Act and the Elkins Act.

The judgment dismissing the complaint is affirmed, but on the ground that the Commission's order is valid, and that the appellants were consequently not entitled to the relief prayed for.

Affirmed.

MR. JUSTICE JACKSON took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.

MR. JUSTICE DOUGLAS, dissenting in part.

I do not think it should be left to the shipper and the car owner to determine what portion of the tariff paid by the railroad should be paid to the shipper. But that is

12

DOUGLAS, J., dissenting in part.

exactly what the Court permits when it measures the shipper's allowance by the amount of rental he has agreed to pay the car owner.

As Commissioner Splawn pointed out in his dissent from the opinion of the Interstate Commerce Commission (258 I. C. C. 371, 382-383), the Commission in following this course failed to comply with our opinion in General American Tank Car Corp. v. El Dorado Terminal Co., 308 U. S. 422. We there said (pp. 429-430):

"As the Circuit Court of Appeals has pointed out, different shippers may have differing costs in respect of privately owned cars furnished the carriers. Nevertheless, as the allowances to be made them by the carriers for the use of such cars must be the subject of published schedules, and must be just and reasonable, the Commission is compelled to ascertain in the light of past and present experience a fair and reasonable compensation to cover such costs and prescribe a uniform rate which will reflect such experience. It is inevitable that some shippers may be able to furnish facilities at less than the published allowance while others may find their costs in excess of it. This fact, however, does not militate against the fixing of a uniform rate applicable to shippers properly classified by the Commission." 1

Unless that course is followed, a situation is sanctioned in which concessions and discriminations condemned by § 1 1 Sec. 15 (13) of the Interstate Commerce Act, 49 U. S. C. § 15 (13), provides:

"If the owner of property transported under this chapter directly or indirectly renders any service connected with such transportation, or furnishes any instrumentality used therein, the charge and allowance therefor shall be published in tariffs or schedules filed in the manner provided in this chapter and shall be no more than is just and reasonable, and the commission may, after hearing on a complaint or on its own initiative, determine what is a reasonable charge as the maximum to be paid by the carrier or carriers for the services so rendered or for the use of the instrumentality so furnished, and fix the same by appropriate order, which order shall have the same force and effect and be enforced in like manner as the orders above provided for under this section."

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