Because of the dispute whether Missouri was or was not a state of the Union for the purposes of the Presidential election, the president of the Senate announced the result of the election in alternative form, that is, with Missouri included and with Missouri excluded. With Missouri included, the electoral vote was Monroe 231, John Quincy Adams 1, not voting 3, total 235. One elector. from each of the states of Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and Mississippi did not vote. There is no record of the popular vote.

The vote for John Quincy Adams was cast by William Plumer of New Hampshire, chairman of the electoral college of that state. In a letter to his son dated January 8, 1821, he gives his reasons for not supporting the Democratic-Republican candidates in the following words: "I was obliged from a sense of duty and a regard to my own reputation to withhold my vote from Monroe and Tompkins: from the first because he had discovered a want of foresight and economy, and from the second becz he grossly neglected his duty” (Amer. Hist. Rev., Vol. 21, 1916, pp. 318–319).

Since Plumer ran upon a Monroe ticket, and since his vote was an expression of his own preference and not that of the electorate, New Hampshire is colored on Plate 103 A solidly for Monroe.

PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION, 1824

[Plate 103B]

Twenty-four states took part in the Presidential election of 1824, the same number as in 1820. Twelve states (New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, North Carolina, Ohio, Indiana, Mississippi, and Alabama) chose electors by general ticket, five (Maryland, Kentucky, Tennessee. Illinois, and Missouri) by districts, one (Maine) by districts and at large, and six (New York, Delaware, South Carolina, Georgia, Vermont, and Louisiana) by the legislature (see p. 89, above).

For South Carolina, Georgia, and Louisiana there are no returns of the vote of the legislature by members. For New York the vote is that of the Assembly (nominating electors), for Delaware and Vermont that of the legislature, and for the remaining states that of the people. The election was held on different days between October 28 and November 30. In most of the states it was held in the first half of November.

There were four Presidential candidates, John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts, Henry Clay of Kentucky, William H. Crawford of Georgia, and Andrew Jackson of Tennessee. Because of the dissolution of the old parties it is not possible to designate each candidate by a distinctive party name. Not all the candidates ran in every state. Coalition and umpledged tickets were rather common. The following summary, in which a few relatively small or scattering votes are disregarded, shows the candidates in each state: Adams, Jackson, Crawford, and Clay in New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and Illinois; Jackson, Adams, and Crawford in Tennessee, Alabama, South Carolina, North Carolina, New Jersey, and Delaware; Clay, Jackson and Adams in Ohio, Indiana, Missouri, and Louisiana; Adams and Crawford in Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut; Jackson and Adams in Mississippi; Crawford and Jackson in Georgia Clay and Jackson in Kentucky; and Adams in Vermont and New Hampshire. The vote in the New York Assembly nominating electors was Adams 50, Crawford 43, Clay 32, Jackson 1, not voting 2, total 128 (N. Y. Assembly Journ., Nov. 10, 1824). All the votes cast by the Vermont legislature were for Adams (Vermont Gazette, Nov. 9, 1824). On the convening of the Delaware legislature, in November, 1824, the strength of the candidates was as follows: Adams 14, Crawford 11, Jackson 5 (New York American, Nov. 15, 1824). Since the Delaware electors were chosen by a combination of Adams and Crawford members, this state is striped with the colors of these two candidates. In North Carolina a coalition ticket was supported by friends of Jackson and Adams, with the understanding that the electors should vote for the candidate who had the best chance of success. The vote in the South Carolina legislatore was Jackson 132, Adams 15, Crawford 10 (Catawba Journal, Dec. 14, 1824; Charleston Courier, Nov. 29, 1824). The vote in the Georgia legislature was Crawford 121; Jackson 45 (Augusta Chronicle, Nov. 10 1824). The vote in the Louisiana legislature was Jackson and Adams ticket 30, Clay ticket 28. Clay was defeated by a combination of the Jackson and Adams members (Richmond Inquirer, Dec. 25, 1824). Tie votes are shown as follows, New York: Steuben County, tie between Clay and Jackson, for Jackson; Wayne County, tie between Adams and Crawford, for Crawford; Schoharie County, tie between Adams and Crawford, for Adams;

Tioga County, tie between Adams and Clay, for Adams; Suffolk County, tie between Adams and Clay, for Clay; and Oneida County, tie between Crawford and Clay, for Crawford; Virginia: Accomac County, tie between Jackson and Adams, and Wood County, tie between Crawford and Adams, for Adams.

Returns were found for only a few counties of Missouri, and the returns for Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, and Illinois, are not complete.

The electoral vote was Jackson 99, Adams 84, Crawford 41, Clay 37, total 261. Jackson received all the votes of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, and Indiana, one vote of New York, seven votes of Maryland, three of Louisiana, and two of illinois. Adams received all the votes of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, twenty-six votes of New York, one of Delaware, three of Maryland, two of Louisiana, and one of Illinois. Crawford received all the votes of Virginia and Georgia, five votes of New York, two of Delaware, and one of Maryland. Clay received all the votes of Kentucky, Ohio, and Missouri, and four votes of New York. The division of votes among the candidates occurred in those states in which the electors were chosen by districts or by the legislature. The popular vote for eighteen states in which the people voted was as follows: Jackson 156,000, Adams 105,000, Clay 47,000, and Crawford 44,000, total 352,000. In determining the popular vote for this and succeeding elections the Tribune Almanac, New York, 1856-1914; T. H. McKee, National Conventions and Platforms, Baltimore 1901; U. S. Statistical Abstract (1912-1930); A. C. McLaughlin and A. B. Hart, Cyclopedia of American Government, New York and London, 1914 (Vol. 3, pp. 19-46); and other standard sources have been used. While additional research and more precise computations might slightly change the results, the figures here given are accurate enough for the purpose in view, namely, the indication of the relative strength of candidates and partie: Numerous discrepancies are found in the various published tables of popul- votes. Many of these no doubt are caused by taking the vote of different electors to represent the vote for President. In this text the total votes are given in round numbers, and the "scattering vote" is disregarded.

PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION, 1828

[Plate 103C]

Twenty-four states took part in the Presidential election of 1828, the same number as in 1820 and 1824. All the states except New York, Delaware, Maryland, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Maine chose electors on a general ticket. Maryland and Tennessee elected by districts. Maine chose seven electors by districts and two at large. New York chose thirty-four electors by districts, and the thirtyfour thus chosen chose two electors. In Delaware and South Carolina the election was by the legislature (see p. 89, above).

The map for 1828 is based upon the popular vote in all the states except Delaware and South Carolina, for which states the vote of the legislature was used. The vote of the Delaware legislature was Adams 19, Jackson 11, total 30 (Delaware House Journ., Nov. 10, 1828). The vote in the South Carolina legislature was unanimous for Jackson, with the exception of the vote for one elector (Charleston Courier, Dec. 5, 1828). In Georgia there were two Jackson tickets of nine electors each and an Adams ticket of two or three electors. There was but little opposition to the Jackson tickets. One of the successful electors on one of the Jackson tickets, however, favored Adams and, rather than vote for Jackson, resigned. The legislative filled the vacancy with a Jackson man (Augusta Chronicle, Nov. 1, 8, 29, Dec. 17, 1828). There was relatively little opposition to Jackson in Tennessee and Alabama. The elections were held late in October, in November, and early in December but chiefly in the first half of November.

The candidates for the Presidency were John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts and Andrew Jackson of Tennessee. Adams was the candidate of the National Republican party, and Jackson of the “Jackson men," who later were called Democrats and to whom are traced the beginnings of the Democratic party.

Counties or parishes in which there were tie votes are shown as follows: Grant County, Kentucky, for Jackson; and Elizabeth City County, Virginia, and Ascension and Assumption parishes, Louisiana, for Adams.

The electoral vote was Jackson 178, Adams 83, total 261. Jackson received all the votes of Pennsylvania, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri, one vote of Maine, twenty votes of New York, and five votes of

Maryland. Adams received all the votes of Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Jersey, and Delaware, eight votes of Maine, sixteen of New York, and six of Maryland. Jackson carried fourteen states, Adams seven, and three states were divided. The popular vote for the twenty-two states in which the people voted was as follows: Jackson 643,000, Adams 507,000, total 1,150,000.

PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION, 1832

[Plate 103D]

Twenty-four states took part in the Presidential election of 1832, the same number as in 1820-1828. All the states chose electors by general ticket except Maryland, in which the election was by districts, and South Carolina, in which the election was by the legislature (see p. 89, above). The elections were held within the period November 1-December 4, but chiefly in the first half of November.

The map for 1832 is based wholly upon the popular vote. Since the vote of South Carolina legislature by members is wanting, that state is left blank. The vote of the legislature by parties was Nullifiers' ticket (also called Anti-Jackson, or Floyd ticket) 99, Union Jackson ticket 32, and State Rights' Dissenters ticket (also for Jackson) 25 (Southern Patriot, Dec. 5, 6, 1832).

The candidates for the Presidency were Henry Clay (National Republican) of Kentucky, Andrew Jackson (Democrat) of Tennessee, and William Wirt (Anti-Masonic party) of Maryland. Jackson's popular vote came from all the states in which the election was by the people, and Clay's vote from all such states except Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi. Wirt's vote came from nine northern states-Vermont, Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Ohio. The South Carolina electors voted for John Floyd of Virginia.

In New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio the National Republicans and the Anti-Masons supported coalition tickets (Charles McCarthy, "Anti-Masonic Party," Ann. Rept. Amer. Hist. Assn., Vol. 1, Washington, 1902, pp. 415-416, 451-452, 528-530, and 550). In Ohio the fusion was not complete, and a few votes were cast for a "straight" Wirt ticket.

Fayette County, Indiana, in which Clay and Jackson received the same number of votes, is shown as Clay area. The returns for a part of Missouri and for several counties in other states are missing.

On the regular Jackson ticket Martin Van Buren of New York was the candidate for Vice-President. In Pennsylvania, however, the Vice-Presidential candidate of the Democrats was William Wilkins of that state. Jackson's running mate on a third ticket was Philip P. Barbour of Virginia. This was a rival of the regular ticket in Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, Mississippi, and Baltimore County, Maryland. In most counties, outside of Georgia, the Barbour ticket received but few votes. In determining the vote for Jackson the votes for the Van Buren and the Barbour tickets were united.

The electoral vote was Jackson 219, Clay 49, Floyd 11, Wirt 7, not voting 2, total 288. The two electors who did not vote were Clay electors, in Maryland. The vote of South Carolina was for Floyd, and the vote of Vermont for Wirt. Clay received all the v tes of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Delaware, and Kentucky, and five votes of Maryland. Jackson received three votes of Maryland and all the votes of the remaining sixteen states. The popular vote (twenty-three states) was Jackson 707,000, Clay 329,000, and Wirt 255,000, total 1,291,000 (Benjamin Matthias, The Politician's Register, Philadelphia, 1835, p. 7). The figures for Alabama and Missouri are incomplete.

PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION, 1836

[Plate 104A]

Twenty-six states took part in the Presidential election of 1836, two more than in the election of 1832, the two additional states being Arkansas and Michigan. All the states chose electors by general ticket except South Carolina, in which state the election was by the legislature. The elections were held within the period November 3-December 6 but chiefly in the first half of November. In many states the date of election was November 7.

The map for 1836 is based entirely upon the popular vote. Since we do not have the vote of the South Carolina legislature by members, this state is left blank. The legislature instructed the electors to vote for Willie P. Mangum of North Carolina. In a legislative caucus a motion to nominate Van Buren was rejected without a dissenting vote, a motion to nominate Harrison was rejected with one dissenting vote, and a motion to nominate White was rejected by a considerable majority (Southern Patriot, Charleston, Dec. 7, 1836). A resolution in the house of representatives instructing the electors not to vote for Harrison, White, or Van Buren was adopted by a vote of 89 to 28 (Charleston Courier, Dec. 9, 1836).

The candidate of the Democratic Party for the Presidency was Martin Van Buren of New York. The Whig party, which consisted of a combination of factions opposed to Jackson and Van Buren, had three candidates, William Henry Harrison of Ohio, Hugh L. White of Tennessee, and Daniel Webster of Massachusetts. Van Buren's vote came from every state in the Union except South Carolina. Harrison's vote came from Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri; White's, from Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Tennessee, Missouri, and Illinois; and Webster's, from Massachusetts. The South Carolina electors voted for Willie P. Mangum of North Carolina.

In Virginia, Illinois, and Missouri the Harrison and White factions supported coalition tickets. In Michigan there was a Van Buren ticket and an “unpledged or Whig" ticket, which carried Genesee, Oakland, and Monroe counties. On the strength of a statement in the Detroit Daily Advertiser to the effect that the unpledged or Whig electors were brought forward by the friends of Van Buren and that it was known they would vote for him, these three counties are given to Van Buren (Henry M. Utley to J. F. Jameson, April 10, 1912). In Maine the electors opposing Van Buren were "unpledged." Since they doubtless would have voted for Harrison had they been elected, the area carried by them has been colored for Harrison. Partly with a view to uniting the opponents of Van Buren, the Whig ticket in several states was not designated by the name of the candidate for President but by the name "Whig" or "Opposition."

Livingston Parish, Louisiana, for which there was a tie between White and Van Buren, and Richmond County, New York, for which there was a tie between Harrison and Van Buren, are shown as Van Buren area.

Owing to the dispute whether Michigan was or was not a state of the Union for the purposes of the Presidential election of 1836, Congress announced the result of the election in alternative form. With Michigan included, the electoral vote was, Van Buren 170, Harrison 73, White 26, Webster 14, Mangum 11, total 294. Mangum received the vote of South Carolina; Webster the vote of Massachusetts; White the vote of Georgia and Tennessee: Harrison the vote of Vermont, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, Ohio, and Indiana; and Van Buren the vote of Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, North Carolina, Louisiana, Mississippi, Illinois, Alabama, Missouri, Arkansas, and Michigan. Van Buren carried fifteen states, Harrison seven, White two, and Webster and Mangum one each. The popular vote (twenty-five states) was Van Buren 762,000, Harrison 549,000, White 146,000, Webster 41,000, total 1,498,000.

(The following is an excerpt from "Proposed Amendments to the Constitution of the United States During the First Century of Its History," a prize essay by Herman V. Ames, Ph. D., published in the Annual Report of the American Historical Association, 1896:)

PROPOSED AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES

37. CHOICE OF PRESIDENT AND VICE-PRESIDENT

No question gave the framers of the Constitution so much trouble as the question of the method of the choice of the Executive.' The Convention after vacillating between several plans, finally fell back upon the system of an indirect election through an electoral college. This method of choosing the President was without doubt suggested by the system of electing Senators under the constitution of Maryland. In that State "the Senators were selected by a body of electors chosen every five years by the inhabitants of the State for this particular purpose and occasion." The principal considerations which led the members of the convention to favor this system was, on the one hand, their profound distrust of the people and their desire to preserve the relative influence of the States; and, on the other, their fear that if the election should be given to Congress the Executive might become dependent upon the legislative department. Therefore, they determined to place the election in the hands of a small body of men "to be elected on account of their wisdom and character," who, it was expected, being entirely independent in their action of the people and the Congress, would exercise “discretion and discernment” in the choice of men "preeminent for ability and virtue." No feature of the new instrument seems to have been contemplated by the framers with so much satisfaction and to have aroused so little opposition in the ratifying conventions as the article providing for the election of President and Vice-President.'

1 Wilson's remark in the Pennsylvania onvention, Elliot, II, p. 511; Madison's letter of 1823; ibid., III, p. 332.

Eleven different methods for selecting the Chief Executive were suggested: (1) By the National Legislature, by Ed. Randolph, Elliot's Debates, I, 144; v. 128. (2) By the State executives, Elbridge Gerry; ibid., 1, 167; v, 174. (3) By the Congress constituted as under the Articles of Confederation, William Patterson; ibid., 1, 176; v, 192. (4) By electors to be chosen by the people, Alexander Hamilton; ibid., 1, 179: v, 205. (5) By electors to be chosen by the people of the several States, Gouverneur Morris; ibid., 1, 262; v, 473. (6) By electors to be chosen by the people in districts, James Wilson; ibid., 1. 156; ▼, 143. (7) By electors to be appointed by the State legislatures. Oliver Ellsworth; ibid., L, 211; v, 338. (8) By electors to be taken by lot from the National Legislature, James Wilson: ibid.. I, 217; v. 362. (9) By the National Legislature, each State having one vote, Mr. Dayton. ibid., 1, 262; v, 473. (10) By direct vote of the people, Mr. Carroll: ibid.. I, 283; v. 472; Gouverneur Morris (by citizens): ibid., 1, 208; v, 323. (11) By elector to be chosen for each State in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct. Fro Committee August 31, 1787. Adopted. Several of the above were adopted, only to be reconsidered and defeated. That for the election by the two Houses of Congress was three times adopted, once unanimously, and as often reconsidered and rejected. See Atlantic Monthly, vol. 42, 543; No. Am. Rev., vol 140, February, 1885; McKnight, The Electoral System of the United States, pp. 221-224; O'Neil, The American Electoral System, chap. xi.

Constitution of Maryland (1776), Articles XIV-XVIII.

J. H. Robinson. Original Features in the United States Constitution. Annals of Am. Acad., Vol. 1, p. 229. Stevens, Sources of the Constitution, pp. 153-154, note. McKnight, pp. 30-33.

Senator Morton's sreech. Forty-third Congress, second session, Cong. Record, p. 627. "The Federalist," No. 67; also remarks of James Wilson and Chief Justice McKean in the Pennsylvania convention. Elliot, 11, pp. 511, 542.

)