of the United States, which shall be valid to all intents and purposes as part of the Constitution when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States:

"ARTICLE

"SECTION 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same term, be elected as provided in this Constitution.

"SEC. 2 The nominees of each political party for election as President shall be nominated in primary elections held in the several States as provided by this section. The places and manner of holding such primary elections shall be prescribed in each State by the legislature thereof. Congress shall determine the time of such primary elections, which shall be the same throughout the United States. The voters in such primary elections in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the legislature of such State. Any such voter shall be eligible to vote only in the primary of the political party of his registered affiliation. No person shall be a candidate for nomination except in the primary of the political party of his registered affiliation, and the name of each such candidate shall appear on the ballot of that party in all of the States. A political party shall be recognized as such as such for the purposes of any primary election held pursuant to this article if at any time within four years preceding such election the number of its registered members shall have exceeded 10 per centum of the total number of registered voters in the United States.

"Within fifteen days after any such primary, or at such time as the Congress shall direct, the official custodian of the election returns of each State shall make separate lists of all persons for whom votes were cast as nominee for President and the number of votes for each, which lists he shall sign and certify and transmit sealed to the seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Speaker of the House of Representatives, open all certificates, and the votes shall then be counted.

"Each political party in each State shall be entitled to a number of nominating votes equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which such State may be entitled in the Congress. Each person for whom votes were cast as nominee for President in any State shall be credited with such proportion of his party's nominating votes in such State as he receives of the total popular vote of his party therein for President. In making the computation fractional numbers less than one one-thousandth shall be disregarded unless a more detailed calculation would change the result of the election. The person having a majority of the nominating votes as nominee for President in the case of each party shall be the nominee of that party for President. If in any political party no person receives a majority of the nominating votes as nominee for President, then a second primary for that political party shall be held and the names of the two persons seeking the Presidential nomination of that party who have received the greatest number of nominating votes in the first primary shall appear on the second primary ballot, and the one person receiving the greater number of nominating votes in the second primary shall be the nominee of that political party for President.

"In the event of the death or resignation, prior to the election, of the nominee of any political party for President, the national committee of such party shall designate a successor, but in choosing such successor the vote shall be taken by States, the delegation from each State having one vote. A quorum for such purpose shall consist of a delegate or delegates from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all States shall be necessary to a choice.

"SEC. 3. The electoral college system of electing the President and Vice President of the United States is hereby abolished. The President and Vice President shall be elected by the people of the several States. The voters in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislature. The places and manner of holding such election shall he prescribed in each State by the legislature thereof. Congress shall determine the time of such election, which shall be the same throughout the United States. Until otherwise determined by the Congress, such election shall be held on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in November of the year preceding the year in which the regular term of the President is to begin. Each State shall be en

titled to a number of electoral votes equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which such State may be entitled in the Congress.

"Within forty-five days after such election, or at such time as the Congress shall direct, the official custodian of the election returns of each State shall make distinct lists of all persons for whom votes were cast for President and the number of votes for each, and the total vote of the electors of the State for all persons for President, which lists he shall sign and certify and transmit sealed to the Seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. On the 6th day of January following the election, unless the Congress by law appoints a different day not earlier than the 4th day of January and not later than the 10th day of January, the President of the Senate shall in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives open all certificates and the votes shall then be counted. Each person for whom votes were cast for President in each State shall be credited with such proportion of the electoral votes thereof as he received of the total vote of the electors therein for President. In making the computations, fractional numbers less than one-thousandth shall be disregarded. The person having the greatest number of electoral votes for President shall be President, if such number be at least 40 per centum of the whole number of such electoral votes. If no person have at least 40 per centum of the whole number of electoral votes, then from the persons having the two highest numbers of electoral votes for President, the Senate and the House of Representatives sitting in joint session shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. A majority of the votes of the combined authorized membership of the Senate and the House of Representatives shall be necessary for a choice.

"The Vice President shall be likewise elected at the same time and in the same manner and subject to the same provisions, as the President, but no person constitutionally ineligible for the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice President of the United States.

"The Congress may by law provide for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the Senate and the House of Representatives may choose a President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them, and for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the Senate and the House of Representatives may choose a Vice President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them.

"SEC. 4. Whenever the powers and duties of the office of President shall devolve upon the Vice President or upon one of the persons designated by the Congress to act as President in the absence of a Vice President, and the date of the next general election for Senators and Representatives in Congress to be held more than ninety days after such powers and duties shall have so devolved is at least two years prior to the date on which the next regular quadrenial election for President is to be held, a special election shall be held in the several States for the purpose of choosing a President and Vice President. Such special election shall be held at the time of the next general election for Senators and Representatives in Congress, and, except as provided in this section, candidates for such special election shall be nominated and elected in the same manner as in the case of regular elections. The lists required by the first section of this article to be transmitted to the seat of the Government shall be transmitted within ten days after the elecion and shall be opened and the votes counted on the fifteenth day following such election. A President and Vice President elected at a special election held pursuant to this section shall take office on the fifth day following the day on which the result of such election shall have been determined and shall hold office until noon on the 20th day of January following the expiration of four years after the date on which they take office, and the terms of their successors shall then begin. Thereafter, except as provided in this section, the terms of the President and Vice President shall end at noon on the 20th day of January in each fourth year, and the terms of their successors shall then begin.

"SEC. 5. Paragraphs 1, 2, and 3 of section 1, article II, of the Constitution, and the twelfth article of amendment to the Constitution, and section 4 of the twentieth article of amendment to the Constitution, are hereby repealed. "SEC. 6. This article shall take effect two years following its ratification. "SEC. 7. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the States within seven years from the date of its submission to the States by the Congress."

SUMMARY OF SENATE JOINT RESOLUTION 9

Senate Joint Resolution 9 (by Senator Smathers) abolishes the electoral college and provides for division of each State's electoral votes in proportion to the popular votes received by each candidate. If no candidate receives 40 percent of the whole electoral vote, the Senate and House, assembled together and voting as individuals, elect from the two highest candidates. A majority of the combined authorized votes is necessary for election. It also provides for nomination by primary elections and for special elections when the Vice President succeeds to the Presidency and more than 2 years remain in the term of office.

S.J. RES. 12

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled (two-thirds of each House concurring therein), That the following article is proposed as an amendment to the Constitution of the United States which shall be valid to all intents and purposes as part of the Constitution when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States:

"ARTICLE

"SECTION 1. Each State shall choose a number of electors of President and Vice President equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress; but no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be chosen an elector.

"The electors to which a State is entitled by virtue of its Senators shall be elected by the people thereof, and the electors to which it is entitled by virtue of its representatives shall be elected by the people within single-elector districts established by the legislature thereof; such districts to be composed of compact and contiguous territory, containing as nearly as practicable the number of persons which entitled the State to one Representative in the Congress; and such districts when formed shall not be altered until another census has been taken. In choosing electors of President and Vice President the voters in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislature.

"The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for President and Vice President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice President; and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of government of the United States, direct to the President of the Senate; the President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and the House of Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted; the person having the greatest number of votes for President shall be the Presiident, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors chosen; and the person having the greatest number of votes for Vice President shall be the Vice President, if such a number be a majority of the whole number of electors chosen.

"If no person voted for as President has a majority of the whole number of electors, then from the persons having the three highest numbers on the lists of persons voted for as President, the Senate and the House of Representatives, assembled and voting as individual members of one body, shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President; a quorum for such purpose shall be three-fourths of the whole number of the Senators and Representatives, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice: if additional ballots be necessary, the choice on the fifth ballot shall be between the two persons having the highest number of votes on the fourth ballot.

"If no person voted for as Vice President has a majority of the whole number of electors, then the Vice President shall be chosen from the persons having the three highest numbers on the lists of persons voted for as Vice President in the same manner as herein provided for choosing the President. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice President of the United States.

"SEC. 2. The Congress may by law provide for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the Senate and the House of Representatives may choose a President or a Vice President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them.

"SEC. 3. This article supersedes the second and fourth paragraphs of section 1, article II, of the Constitution, the twelfth article of amendment to the Constitution and section 4 of the twentieth article of amendment to the Constitution. "SEC. 4. This article shall take effect on the first day of July following its ratification, but shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the States within seven years from the date of its submission to the States by the Congress."

SUMMARY OF SENATE JOINT RESOLUTION 12

Senate Joint Resolution 12 (introduced by Senator Mundt, with Senators Thurmond, McClellan, Hruska, Morton, and Blakley as cosponsors) preserves the electoral college, but provides for the selection of electors by single-elector districts with two electors being selected at large from the State. The districts are to be established by the State legislatures and each is to be composed of contiguous and compact territory and is to contain as nearly as practicable the number of persons entitling the state to one Representative in the Congress. If no candidate receives a majority of the whole number of electoral votes, the Senate and House, assembled together and voting as individuals, elect from the three highest candidates. A majority of the combined authorized votes is necessary for election.

S.J. RES. 14

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled (two-thirds of each House concurring therein), That the following article is proposed as an amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which shall be valid to all intents and purposes as part of the Constitution only if ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years of the date of its submission by the Congress :

"ARTICLE

"The residence requirement for voting for President and Vice President shall be residence within one of the several States for a period not to exceed one year. A qualified voter changing residence from one State to another shall be entitled to vote for President and Vice President by absentee ballot in the State from which he moves for a period of two years after the change of residence, provided he is not qualified to vote in another State within that period."

SUMMARY OF SENATE JOINT RESOLUTION 14

Senate Joint Resolution 14 (by Senator Kefauver) limits State residence requirements for voting in presidential elections to a period not to exceed 1 year. It provides further that a qualified voter moving from a State may vote there by absentee ballot for a period of 2 years provided he does not become qualified to vote in another State within that period.

S.J. RES 16

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled (two-thirds of each House concurring therein), That the following article is proposed as an amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which shall be valid to all intents and purposes as part of the Constitution only if ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years of the date of its submission by the Congress :

70784-61-pt. 1

"ARTICLE

"The Congress shall have power to provide for nomination of candidates for President and Vice President by primary elections to be held in each State, the District of Columbia, and the territories, and to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution this provision."

SUMMARY OF SENATE JOINT RESOLUTION 16

Senate Joint Resolution 16 (by Senator Kefauver) authorizes Congress to provide by legislation for the nomination of candidates for President and Vice President by primary elections to be held in each State, the District of Columbia, and the territories.

S.J. RES. 17

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled (two-thirds of each House concurring therein), That an amendment is hereby proposed to the Constitution of the United States, which shall be valid to all intents and purposes as part of the Constitution only if ratified by three-fourths of the legislatures of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission by the Congress :

"ARTICLE

"SECTION 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and together with the Vice President, chosen for the same term, be elected as provided in this Constitution.

"The electoral college system of electing the President and Vice President of the United States is hereby abolished. The President and Vice President shall be elected by the people of the several States. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislature. Congress shall determine the time of such election, which shall be the same throughout the United States. Until otherwise determined by the Congress, such election shall be held on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in November of the year preceding the year in which the regular term of the President is to begin. Each State shall be entitled to a number of electoral votes equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which such State may be entitled in the Congress.

"Within forty-five days after such election, or at such time as the Congress shall direct, the official custodian of the election returns of each State shall make distinct lists of all persons for whom votes were cast for President and the number of votes for each, and the total vote of the electors of the State for all persons for President, which lists he shall sign and certify and transmit sealed to the seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. On the 6th day of January following the election, unless the Congress by law appoints a different day not earlier than the 4th day of January and not later than the 10th day of January, the President of the Senate shall in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives open all certificates and the votes shall then be counted. Each person for whom votes were cast for President in each State shall be credited with such proportion of the electoral votes thereof as he received of the total vote of the electors therein for President. In making the computation, fractional numbers less than one onethousandth shall be disregarded. The person having the greatest number of electoral votes for President shall be President, if such number be at least 40 per centum of the whole number of such electoral votes. If no person has at least 40 per centum of the whole number of electoral votes, then from the persons having the two highest numbers of electoral votes for President the Senate and the House of Representatives sitting in joint session shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. A majority of the votes of the combined authorized membership of the Senate and the House of Representatives shall be necessary for a choice.

"The Vice President shall be likewise elected, at the same time and in the same manner and subject to the same provisions, as the President, but no per